Cosmetic compositions containing quinones and their topical use on skin and hair

ABSTRACT

Described are compositions containing quinones that show activity in enhance DNA repair and/or prevent damage to DNA and/or upregulate genes associated with wound healing. The quinones are thymoquinone, lapachol, myrtucommulone C, or mixtures thereof, and can be formulated into cosmetic compositions for topical administration to a subject in need thereof. The cosmetic compositions can also include sunscreens, surfactants, sunless tanning agents, desquamation agents, antiperspirants, colorants, preservatives and mixtures; and a cosmetically acceptable carrier. The compositions should find use in methods for treating the signs of ageing in mammals, dermatitis and wound healing via topical application to a site in need thereof, such as the skin or hair of the mammals or a wound site.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/803,311, filed Nov. 3, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/417,001, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Nov. 3, 2016, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is in the field of cosmetic compositions, particularly cosmetic compositions containing skin healing and hair protective quinones, and their topical use in methods improving the appearance of skin.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many cosmetic compositions utilize chemicals that can be harsh, impair and/or irritate the dermal layers and harm hair. For instance, popular sunscreen agents such as Avobenzone in use have side effects including contact dermatitis, acne, rash, and inflammation of hair follicles. Keratolytic agents such as alpha hydroxy acids and many retinoids are recognized to sting and inflame skin. Emulsifiers and surfactants, particularly sulfates and sulfonates, withdraw protective oils from the dermis leaving behind cracked skin and redness. Sunless tanners undergo chemical reactions with amino acids of the epidermis. Antiperspirant salts can induce skin inflammation. Colorants amongst which are p-phenylenediamines have been implicated as mutagenic and carcinogenic. Preservatives such as nitrites can convert to N-nitrosoamines which are known carcinogens. In some measure, all the aforementioned materials cause or have potential to cause DNA damage to skin or hair. Various approaches have been used to counteract the damage, particularly agents that repair DNA.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,181 B2 (Zhou) describes methods of preventing or treating conditions associated with DNA damage. The methods and compositions focus on substances interfering with activity of the CUL4A ubiquitin ligase bio target.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,740 (Babish et al) reports an improved process for recovery of thymoquinone and use thereof in dietary supplements or therapeutics against inflammation related disorders. Other thymoquinone related documents include U.S. Pat. No. 9,180,155 (Babish), U.S. Pat. No. 8,895,625 (Alkarfy), U.S. Pat. No. 8,501,250 (Ismail), U.S. Pat. No. 8,841,264 (Raederstorff), U.S. Pat. No. 8,703,205 (Alzahrani), U.S. Pat. No. 8,586,629 (De Groote),

U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,121 (Mazzio), and U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,831 (Pacioretty). U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,014 (Greaves) reports lapachol in a hair dyeing composition. U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,660 (Liao) describes lapachol in studies using 5-alpha reductase. U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,974 (Jiang) describes a synthesis of lapachol and conversion to beta lapachone.

A series of patents describes bioactivity, processes and compositions related to myrtucommulone. These include U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,139 (Bombardelli), U.S. Pat. No. 8,192,767 (Carta), U.S. Pat. No. 8,137,707 (Paufique), and US 2008/0269510 (Rahman).

Nonetheless, there remains a need to develop compositions that prevent damage to DNA, skin, hair or a combination thereof, caused by components of cosmetic formulations.

Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide compositions that inhibit damage to DNA, skin, hair, or a combination thereof.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide compositions that reduce inflammatory responses associated with various skin conditions including wounds.

It is still an object of the present invention to provide a method of treating conditions associated with DNA damage and aberrant inflammatory responses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are compositions containing quinones that show activity in preventing damage to DNA and/or enhance DNA repair, wound healing and/or dermatitis. In some forms, the quinones are present in an effective amount to inhibit cullin 4 A (CUL4A) ubiquitin ligase and/or upregulate expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of inteleukin-6 (IL-6), IL1RL1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), GPHR, ADAM17 and VEGF. In some forms, the quinones constitute from 0.001% to 50% by weight of the composition, preferably, between 0.001 to 10% by weight of the composition. Preferably, the quinones are thymoquinone, lapachol, myrtucommulone C, or a combination thereof. The quinones can be formulated into cosmetic compositions for topical administration to a subject. In some forms, the cosmetic composition also includes sunscreens, surfactants, sunless tanning agents, desquamation agents, antiperspirants, colorants, preservatives, or mixtures thereof, preferably in amounts ranging from 0.1% to 50% by weight of the composition. In some forms, the cosmetic composition also includes a cosmetically acceptable carrier.

Also described are methods for treating the signs of ageing in mammals including topically applying to the skin or hair of the mammals a composition containing the quinones describe herein. Preferably, the composition is a cosmetic composition.

Also disclosed are methods for improving the speed and efficiency of wound healing, improving collagen deposition at a site in need thereof and to reduce inflammation within the context of skin dermatitis. The disclosed formulations can be applied topically to skin wounds to improve the speed and efficiency of the healing process, to reduce one or more symptoms associated with skin dermatitis or to improve collagen deposition, for example, in aging skin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are column charts showing the effects of three compounds, compared to controls, on percent DNA damage by ultraviolet (UV) exposure in fibroblasts (FIG. 1A) and keratinocytes (FIG. 1B). Data are shown as mean±SD (n=3). The compounds are indicated as follows: RGN1518, myrtucommulone C; RGN1534, thymoquinone; and RGN1538, lapachol.

FIG. 2A is a bar graph showing cell viability in human keratinocytes following RGN1518 and RGN1538 treatment. Keratinocytes viability was evaluated after 24 h treatments. Values are calculated as percentage of the average ±standard error relative to untreated control. Red arrows and values indicate cytotoxicity. FIG. 2B is a bar graph showing cytotoxicity of RGN1518 and RGN1538 in human fibroblasts. Fibroblasts viability was evaluated after 24 h treatments. Values are calculated as percentage of the average ±standard error relative to untreated control. Red arrows and values indicate cytotoxicity

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Definitions

“Cosmetic composition” as used herein, refers to a composition for topical application to skin or hair of mammals, especially humans. Such a composition may be generally classified as leave-on or rinse off, and includes any product applied to a human body for improving appearance, cleansing, odor control or general aesthetics.

“Derivative” as relates to a given compound, refers to another compound that is structurally similar, functionally similar, or both, to the specified compound. Structural similarity can be determined using any criterion known in the art, such as the Tanimoto coefficient that provides a quantitative measure of similarity between two compounds based on their molecular descriptors. Preferably, the molecular descriptors are 2D properties such as fingerprints, topological indices, and maximum common substructures, or 3D properties such as overall shape, and molecular fields. Tanimoto coefficients range between zero and one, inclusive, for dissimilar and identical pairs of molecules, respectively. A compound can be considered a derivative of a specified compound, if it has a Tanimoto coefficient with the specified compound between 0.5 and 1.0, inclusive, preferably between 0.7 and 1.0, inclusive, most preferably between 0.85 and 1.0, inclusive. A compound is functionally similar to a specified compound, if it induces the same pharmacological effect, physiological effect, or both, as the specified compound. “Derivative” can also refer to a modification including, but not limited to, hydrolysis, reduction, or oxidation products, of the disclosed compounds. Hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation reactions are known in the art.

“Effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount,” used interchangeably, as applied to the nanoparticles, therapeutic agents, and pharmaceutical compositions described herein, mean the quantity necessary to render the desired therapeutic result. For example, an effective amount is a level effective to treat, cure, or alleviate the symptoms of a disease for which the composition and/or therapeutic agent, or pharmaceutical composition, is/are being administered. Amounts effective for the particular therapeutic goal sought will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and its severity and/or stage of development/progression; the bioavailability and activity of the specific compound and/or antineoplastic, or pharmaceutical composition, used; the route or method of administration and introduction site on the subject; the rate of clearance of the specific composition and other pharmacokinetic properties; the duration of treatment; inoculation regimen; drugs used in combination or coincident with the specific composition; the age, body weight, sex, diet, physiology and general health of the subject being treated; and like factors well known to one of skill in the relevant scientific art. Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending upon the condition of the subject being treated, and the physician or other individual administering treatment will, in any event, determine the appropriate dosage for an individual patient.

The terms “inhibit” and “reduce” means to reduce or decrease in activity or expression. This can be a complete inhibition or reduction of activity or expression, or a partial inhibition or reduction. Inhibition or reduction can be compared to a control or to a standard level. Inhibition can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%.

The term “substantially free,” describes a composition that has an amount of a component that is at most 10% by weight of the total weight of the sample, as measured an analytical method such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Useful examples of “substantially free” include less than 5% by weight, less than 4% by weight, less than 3% by weight, less than 2% by weight, less than 1% by weight, less than 0.5% wt/wt, less than 0.1% wt/wt, or 0% wt/wt of the sample.

As used herein, a “topical formulation” refers to a composition that is administered to the surface of the skin.

The term “volatile” as used herein refers to those materials which have a measurable vapor pressure at ambient temperature.

“Substituted” refers to all permissible substituents of the compounds or functional groups described herein. In the broadest sense, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic groupings containing any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally include one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats. Representative substituents include alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), peptide, and polypeptide groups. Such alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), peptide, and polypeptide groups can be further substituted.

Heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. It is understood that “substitution” or “substituted” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, i.e. a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.

“Alkyl,” as used herein, refers to the radical of saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl, cycloalkyl (alicyclic), alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl. In preferred forms, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₁-C₃₀ for straight chains, C₃-C₃₀ for branched chains), preferably 20 or fewer, more preferably 15 or fewer, most preferably 10 or fewer. Alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like.

Preferred cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. The term “alkyl” (or “lower alkyl”) as used throughout the specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls,” the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, a phosphinate, amino, amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “lower alkyl” as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to ten carbons, more preferably from one to six carbon atoms in its backbone structure. Likewise, “lower alkenyl” and “lower alkynyl” have similar chain lengths. Throughout the application, preferred alkyl groups are lower alkyls. In preferred forms, a substituent designated herein as alkyl is a lower alkyl.

“Alkyl” includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical as well as heteroalkyls. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; —SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; —CN; —NO₂; —COOH; carboxylate; —COR, —COOR, or —CON(R)₂, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, haloalkyl (such as —CF₃, —CH₂—CF₃, —CCl₃); —CN; —NCOCOCH₂CH₂, —NCOCOCHCH; —NCS; and combinations thereof.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. For instance, the substituents of a substituted alkyl may include halogen, hydroxy, nitro, thiols, amino, azido, imino, amido, phosphoryl (including phosphonate and phosphinate), sulfonyl (including sulfate, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl and sulfonate), and silyl groups, as well as ethers, alkylthios, carbonyls (including ketones, aldehydes, carboxylates, and esters), haloalkyls, —CN and the like. Cycloalkyls can be substituted in the same manner.

“Heteroalkyl,” as used herein, refers to straight or branched chain, or cyclic carbon-containing radicals, or combinations thereof, containing at least one heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, O, N, Si, P and S, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom is optionally quaternized.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy,” “aroxy” or “aryloxy,” generally describe compounds represented by the formula —OR^(v), wherein R^(V) includes, but is not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyls, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy” as used herein refer to an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto. Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as can be represented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, and —O— alkynyl. The term alkoxy also includes cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, and arylalkyl having an oxygen radical attached to at least one of the carbon atoms, as valency permits. A “lower alkoxy” group is an alkoxy group containing from one to six carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the alkoxy backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 24 carbon atoms and structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as (AB)C═C(CD) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This may be presumed in structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it may be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C.

The term “alkynyl group” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms and a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

The term “aryl” as used herein is any C₅-C₂₆ carbon-based aromatic group, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, or biaromatic ring systems. Broadly defined, “aryl,” as used herein, includes 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 14-, 18-, and 24-membered single-ring aromatic groups, including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene, corannulene, coronene, etc. “Aryl” further encompasses polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (i.e., “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic ring or rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocycles. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, halide, nitro, amino, ester, ketone, aldehyde, hydroxy, carboxylic acid, or alkoxy.

The term “substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more aromatic rings are substituted with one or more substituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl (such as a ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, imino, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl (such as CF₃, —CH₂—CF₃, —CCl₃), —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Heterocycle,” “heterocyclic” and “heterocyclyl” are used interchangeably, and refer to a cyclic radical attached via a ring carbon or nitrogen atom of a monocyclic or bicyclic ring containing 3-10 ring atoms, and preferably from 5-6 ring atoms, consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y) wherein Y is absent or is H, O, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, and optionally containing 1-3 double bonds and optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Heterocyclyl are distinguished from heteroaryl by definition. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pyranyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl. Heterocyclic groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents as defined above for alkyl and aryl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to C₅-C₂₆-membered aromatic, fused aromatic, biaromatic ring systems, or combinations thereof, in which one or more carbon atoms on one or more aromatic ring structures have been substituted with a heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Broadly defined, “heteroaryl,” as used herein, includes 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 14-, 18-, and 24-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from one to four heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The heteroaryl group may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics”. “Heteroaryl” further encompasses polycyclic ring systems having two or more rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (i.e., “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic ring or rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heterocycles, or combinations thereof. Examples of heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl and xanthenyl. One or more of the rings can be substituted as defined below for “substituted heteroaryl”.

The term “substituted heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl group in which one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more heteroaromatic rings are substituted with one or more substituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl (such as a ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, imino, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl (such as CF₃, —CH₂—CF₃, —CCl₃), —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. The term “heterocycloalkyl group” is a cycloalkyl group as defined above where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, or phosphorus.

The term “aralkyl” as used herein is an aryl group having an alkyl, alkynyl, or alkenyl group as defined above attached to the aromatic group. An example of an aralkyl group is a benzyl group.

The term “hydroxyalkyl group” as used herein is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl group described above that has at least one hydrogen atom substituted with a hydroxyl group.

The term “alkoxyalkyl group” is defined as an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl group described above that has at least one hydrogen atom substituted with an alkoxy group described above.

“Carbonyl,” as used herein, is art-recognized and includes such moieties as can be represented by the general formula:

wherein X is a bond, or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R represents a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R″, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt, R′ represents a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R″; R″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. Where X is oxygen and R is defines as above, the moiety is also referred to as a carboxyl group. When X is oxygen and R is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘carboxylic acid’. Where X is oxygen and R′ is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘formate’. Where X is oxygen and R or R′ is not hydrogen, the formula represents an “ester”. In general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced by a sulfur atom, the formula represents a ‘thiocarbonyl’ group. Where X is sulfur and R or R′ is not hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘thioester.’ Where X is sulfur and R is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘thiocarboxylic acid.’ Where X is sulfur and R′ is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘thioformate.’ Where X is a bond and R is not hydrogen, the above formula represents a ‘ketone.’ Where X is a bond and R is hydrogen, the above formula represents an ‘aldehyde.’

The term “substituted carbonyl” refers to a carbonyl, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms in R, R′ or a group to which the moiety

is attached, are independently substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “carboxyl” is as defined above for the formula

and is defined more specifically by the formula —R^(iv)COOH, wherein R^(iv) is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In preferred forms, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl have 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₁-C₃₀ for straight chain alkyl, C₃-C₃₀ for branched chain alkyl, C₂-C₃₀ for straight chain alkenyl and alkynyl, C₃-C₃₀ for branched chain alkenyl and alkynyl), preferably 20 or fewer, more preferably 15 or fewer, most preferably 10 or fewer. Likewise, preferred cycloalkyls, heterocyclyls, aryls and heteroaryls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.

The term “substituted carboxyl” refers to a carboxyl, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms in R^(iv) are substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phenoxy” is art recognized, and refers to a compound of the formula —OR^(v) wherein R^(v) is (i.e., —O—C₆H₅). One of skill in the art recognizes that a phenoxy is a species of the aroxy genus.

The term “substituted phenoxy” refers to a phenoxy group, as defined above, having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the phenyl ring. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The terms “aroxy” and “aryloxy,” as used interchangeably herein, are represented by —O-aryl or —O-heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are as defined herein.

The terms “substituted aroxy” and “substituted aryloxy,” as used interchangeably herein, represent —O-aryl or —O-heteroaryl, having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more ring atoms of the aryl and heteroaryl, as defined herein. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, having a sulfur radical attached thereto. The “alkylthio” moiety is represented by —S-alkyl. Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, and the like. The term “alkylthio” also encompasses cycloalkyl groups having a sulfur radical attached thereto.

The term “substituted alkylthio” refers to an alkylthio group having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbon atoms of the alkylthio backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phenylthio” is art recognized, and refers to —S—C₆H₅, i.e., a phenyl group attached to a sulfur atom.

The term “substituted phenylthio” refers to a phenylthio group, as defined above, having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the phenyl ring. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Arylthio” refers to —S-aryl or —S-heteroaryl groups, wherein aryl and heteroaryl as defined herein.

The term “substituted arylthio” represents —S-aryl or —S-heteroaryl, having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen atom on one or more ring atoms of the aryl and heteroaryl rings as defined herein. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The terms “amide” or “amido” are used interchangeably, refer to both “unsubstituted amido” and “substituted amido” and are represented by the general formula:

wherein, E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R and R′ each independently represent a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R″′ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred forms, only one of R and R′ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R and R′ together with the nitrogen do not form an imide. In preferred forms, R and R′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or —(CH₂)_(m)—R′″. When E is oxygen, a carbamate is formed. The carbamate cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “sulfonyl” is represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R represents a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted amine, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R′″, or E and R taken together with the S atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R″′ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred forms, only one of E and R can be substituted or unsubstituted amine, to form a “sulfonamide” or “sulfonamido.” The substituted or unsubstituted amine is as defined above.

The term “substituted sulfonyl” represents a sulfonyl in which E, R, or both, are independently substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “sulfonic acid” refers to a sulfonyl, as defined above, wherein R is hydroxyl, and E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “sulfate” refers to a sulfonyl, as defined above, wherein E is absent, oxygen, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above, and R is independently hydroxyl, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above. When E is oxygen, the sulfate cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “sulfonate” refers to a sulfonyl, as defined above, wherein E is oxygen, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above, and R is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted amine, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R′″, R″′ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. When E is oxygen, sulfonate cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “sulfamoyl” refers to a sulfonamide or sulfonamide represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R and R′ each independently represent a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R″′ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred forms, only one of R and R′ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R and R′ together with the nitrogen do not form an imide.

The term “phosphonyl” is represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein, independently of E, R^(vi) and R^(vii) are independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the P atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8.

The term “substituted phosphonyl” represents a phosphonyl in which E, R^(vi) and R^(vii) are independently substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phosphoryl” defines a phosphonyl in which E is absent, oxygen, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above, and independently of E, R^(vi) and R^(vii) are independently hydroxyl, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above. When E is oxygen, the phosphoryl cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. When E, R^(vi) and R^(vii) are substituted, the substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “polyaryl” refers to a chemical moiety that includes two or more aryls, heteroaryls, and combinations thereof. The aryls, heteroaryls, and combinations thereof, are fused, or linked via a single bond, ether, ester, carbonyl, amide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, alkyl, azo, and combinations thereof. When two or more heteroaryls are involved, the chemical moiety can be referred to as a “polyheteroaryl.”

The term “substituted polyaryl” refers to a polyaryl in which one or more of the aryls, heteroaryls are substituted, with one or more substituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. When two or more heteroaryls are involved, the chemical moiety can be referred to as a “substituted polyheteroaryl.”

The term “C₃-C₂₀ cyclic” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl that have from three to 20 carbon atoms, as geometric constraints permit. The cyclic structures are formed from single or fused ring systems. The substituted cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls and heterocyclyls are substituted as defined above for the alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls and heterocyclyls, respectively.

The term “ether” as used herein is represented by the formula AOA¹, where A and A¹ can be, independently, an alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

The term “urethane” as used herein is represented by the formula —OC(O)NRR′, where R and R′ can be, independently, hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl group described above.

The term “silyl group” as used herein is represented by the formula —SiRR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ can be, independently, hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, or heterocycloalkyl group described above.

The terms “hydroxyl” and “hydroxy” are used interchangeably and are represented by —OH.

The terms “thiol” and “sulfhydryl” are used interchangeably and are represented by —SH.

The term “oxo” refers to ═O bonded to a carbon atom.

The terms “cyano” and “nitrile” are used interchangeably to refer to —CN.

The term “nitro” refers to —NO₂.

The term “phosphate” refers to —O—PO₃.

The term “azide” or “azido” are used interchangeably to refer to —N₃. The term “substituted C₁-C_(x) alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C₁-C_(x) alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C₂-C_(x) alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups having from two to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from two to ten. The term “unsubstituted C₂-C_(x) alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups having from two to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from two to ten.

The term “substituted C_(i)-C_(X) carbonyl” refers to carbonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C₁-C_(x) carbonyl” refers to carbonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

II. Composition

Many components found in cosmetic compositions damage skin and hair. Amongst these components are certain types of sunscreens, thickeners, surfactants, sunless tanners, desquamation agents, antiperspirants, colorants, preservatives and mixtures thereof. Some of these damage involves damage to DNA.

It is now been found that certain quinones have activity in avoiding and repairing damage to DNA, in particular mammalian DNA. It has also been discovered that certain quinones have activity in upregulating important genes involved in wound healing and anti-inflammatory response. Accordingly, the quinones can be used to treat conditions involving DNA damage or used to enhance DNA repair, wound healing and/or dermatitis. Described herein, are compositions containing the quinones. In some forms, the compositions are formulated into cosmetic compositions. Preferably, the cosmetic compositions minimize damage caused by the aforementioned components. In some forms, the cosmetic compositions can also contain a cosmetically acceptable carrier such as water; emollients; hydrocarbons; fatty acids; fatty alcohols; humectants; skin lighteners; active peptides; vitamins; additional materials such as resveratrol, etc.; or combinations thereof.

In some forms, the quinone(s) is present in the composition in an effective amount to inhibit cullin 4 A (CUL4A) ubiquitin ligase activity, as measured using an assay that measures DNA damage in a cell, in terms of the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in DNA. In some forms, the quinone is present in an effective amount to enhance DNA repair. Exemplary assays to measure CUL4A inhibition or enhancement of DNA repair are described below in Example 1.

Advantageously, UV irradiated samples of the quinone or cosmetic compositions formulated with the quinone exhibit, in testing against the CUL4 bio target, a reduction in DNA damage relative to a UV irradiated control of at least 10%, preferably at least 50%, and more preferably by at least 80% over baseline compared to a no treatment control for example, DMSO as measured by % CPD (Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer) formed in a test cell. In most preferred embodiments the inhibition is between 80% and 120%, for example, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 110%, 115%, 118%, and 120%. Accordingly, the compositions should be useful in DNA repair, particularly in skin cells.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition does not contain a pharmaceutical grade methionine, an extract from cranberry, cranberry juice, or a combination thereof.

In some forms, besides quinones described herein, the cosmetic composition is substantially free of one or more additional essential oil components extracted from the seed of Nigella sativa. For example, the disclosed compositions use pure Thymoquinone and include less 5% by weight, less than 4% by weight, less than 3% by weight, less than 2% by weight, less than 1% by weight, less than 0.5% wt/wt, less than 0.1% wt/wt, or 0% wt/wt of essential oil components extracted from the seed of Nigella sativa, which are invariably are included in supercritical fluid extracts of Nigella sativa, for example, supercritical CO₂ extract of Nigella sativa seed. Accordingly, in some forms, the thymoquinone in the disclosed formulations is not a supercritical CO₂ extract of Nigella sativa seed.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition is substantially free of a phenylethanoid, such as hydroxytyrosol.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition is substantially free of a honey and/or myrth, zinc/zinc supplementation, pyruvate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, niacin, fruit extract.

A. Compounds

The compositions contain quinones that have the structural formulae shown below:

wherein X and Y are independently carbon (C) or CH; Z is hydroxyl or oxygen; and the dashed line between X and Y, and between Y and Z shows the presence or absence of a bond, depending on the valency of X, Y, and Z;

wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, hydroxyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic;

wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, hydroxyl, ═O, substituted C1-C10 carbonyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 carbonyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic.

In some forms of Formula I, R2 is not hydroxyl. In some forms of Formula I, R4 is not hydroxyl. In some forms of Formula I, R2 and R4 are not hydroxyl. In some forms of Formula I, R1 is not undecyl. In some forms of Formula I, R1 is not undecyl, and R2 and R4 are not hydroxyl. In some forms, the compound of Formula I is not 2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione.

In some forms of Formula I, R2 and R4 are each hydrogen.

In some forms of Formula I, R1 and R3 are independently unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, or substituted C1-C10 alkyl.

In some forms of Formula I, R1 and R3 are independently unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl, or substituted C1-C5 alkyl; R2 and R4 are each hydrogen.

In some forms of Formula I, R1 is substituted C1-C5 alkyl; R3 is methyl, and R2 and R4 are each hydrogen.

In some forms of Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, or substituted C1-C10 alkyl.

In some forms of Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are hydrogen.

In some forms of Formula II, R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula II, R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, or hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, or substituted C1-C10 alkyl; R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are hydrogen; R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are hydrogen; R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, or hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are hydrogen; R1 is substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, and R2 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C10 carbonyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R10 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, X is carbon (C) or CH, Y is carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent.

In some forms of Formula III, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R15, R16, R18, and R19 are independently hydrogen or substituted C1-C10 alkyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R15 and R18 are hydrogen, and R16 and R19 are substituted C1-C10 alkyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R17 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C10 carbonyl; X and Y are carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent; R10 is hydroxyl; R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl; R15, R16, R18, and R19 are independently hydrogen or substituted C1-C10 alkyl; and R17 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C10 carbonyl; X and Y are carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent; R10 is hydroxyl; R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl; R15 and R18 are hydrogen, R16 and R19 are substituted C1-C10 alkyl; and R17 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C5 carbonyl; X and Y are carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent; R10 is hydroxyl; R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl; R15 and R18 are hydrogen, R16 and R19 are substituted C1-C5 alkyl; and R17 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C5 carbonyl; X and Y are carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent; R10 is hydroxyl; R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are methyl; R15 and R18 are hydrogen, R16 and R19 are substituted C1-C5 alkyl; and R17 is hydroxyl.

In some forms of Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C5 carbonyl; X and Y are carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent; R10 is hydroxyl; R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are methyl; R15 and R18 are hydrogen, R16 and R19 are isopropyl; and R17 is hydroxyl.

Preferred compounds include the following quinones: thymoquinone, lapachol and myrtucommulone C.

Amounts of the quinones may range from 0.001% to 50% by weight, 0.1% to 50% by weight, from 0.001% to 20% by weight sometimes from 0.001% to 10% by weight, occasionally from 0.001% to 2% by weight, from 0.001% to 1% by weight, 0.001% to 7.5% by weight, or 0.01% to 5.0% by weight of the cosmetic composition. Exemplary percent compositions include 0.01% by weight, 0.024% by weight, 0.10% by weight, 0.25% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 1.50% by weight, 2.00% by weight, 2.5% by weight, and 5.0% by weight of the composition. When combinations of quinones are utilized, their relative weight amounts may range from 1000:1 to 1:1000, occasionally from 100:1 to 1:100, and even from 10:1 to 1:10. In some forms, the relative weight amounts are the same. For example, when two quinones are present the relative weight amounts are 1:1; when three quinones are present the relative weight amounts are 1:1:1, etc.

Thymoquinone

In a preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula I is 2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-1,4-quinone, commonly known as thymoquinone, and has the structural formula below:

Thymoquinone is a phytochemical compound found in the plant Nigella sativa. Also this material may be found in cultivated Monarda fistulosa.

In a preferred embodiment, the disclosed compositions include thymoquinone monomer or dimer (thymoquinone readily dimerizes to form dithymoquinone. Thymoquinone is included in the formulation in a concentration ranging from 0.01% to 5% by weight, more preferably, between 0.1% and 3% by weight, inclusive.

Lapachol

In some forms, the compound of Formula II is 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione, commonly known as lapachol, and has the structural formula below:

Lapachol is a natural phenolic compound isolated from the bark of the lapacho tree.

In a preferred embodiment, lapachol is included in the formulation in a concentration ranging from 0.01% to 5% by weight, more preferably, between 0.01% and 3% by weight, inclusive. In some embodiments, the lapachol is not encapsulated in water impermeable shell, for example, in a lipid, gelatin, calcium aginate, polymethyl methacrylate urea or other water impermeable shell. In some forms the formulation does not include catechins, for example, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin; or rosemary plant extracts.

In some forms, the compound of Formula III, is known by the common name myrtucummulone, and has the structural formula below:

Myrtucommulone is isolated from Myrtus communis and is also synthetically available. Among the myrtucommulone family of isomers, stereoisomers and related compounds, is myrtucommulone C which itself occurs as two tautomers (interchangeable constitutional isomers). The chemical structure of myrtucommulone C depicted in its two tautomer interchangeable forms is shown below:

Each of the tautomers has two chiral centers (denoted by the asterisks) where the optical rotation can be either R or S. Therefore, for each tautomer it is possible to have four different compounds with R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S chirality.

In some preferred embodiment, myrtucommulone C is included in the formulation in a concentration ranging from 0.01% to 5% by weight, more preferably, between 0.01% and 2% by weight, inclusive.

In some preferred embodiments, the myrtucommulone C component (included in the formulation in a concentration ranging from 0.01% to 5% by weight, more preferably, between 0.01% and 2% by weight, inclusive), contains diatereomers, with have the structures shown below.

Preferably, the myrtucommulone C component included in the sample can contain between a 40%:60% and a 60% to 40% mixture of the diastereomers, and preferably, not up to 80% of any one of the R*,R* or R*,S* diatereomers. For example, the compositions can the myrtucommulone C component a 50% to 50% mixture of the R*,R* and R*,S* diatereomers, 41% to 58% mixture of the R*,R* and R*,S* diastereomer; a 42% to 58% mixture of the R*,R* and R*,S* diastereomer, 43% to 57% mixture of the R*,R* and R*,S* diastereomer; 44% to 56% mixture of the R*,R* and R*,S* diastereomer; 45%:55% mixture of the R*,R* and R*,S* diastereomer, etc., and vice versa.

Optionally, the formulations may include myrtucommulone A, B, D and/or E. In some embodiment, the formulations do not include myrtucommulone A, B, D and/or E.

The examples below show that thymoquinone, lapachol, myrtucommulone, and mixtures thereof can function as skin and/or hair protective or healing agents to repair damaged DNA. Among the myrtucommulone isomers, we found myrtucommulone C to be most effective. Combinations of the quinones can be particularly active. For instance, combinations of thymoquinone and lapachol have shown synergistic effect.

B. Formulations

Suitable dosage forms for topical administration include creams, ointments, salves, sprays, gels, lotions, emulsions, and transdermal patches. The formulation may be formulated for transmucosal, transepithelial, transendothelial, or transdermal administration. The formulations can include known excipients used in topical formulations, included but not limited to sunscreens, surfactants, preservatives, desquamation agents, antiperspirants, colorants, thickeners, skin lighteners, vitamins and other therapeutically active agents in a cosmetically acceptable carrier.

The cosmetic compositions may be formulated into a wide variety of product types that include, but are not limited to, solutions; suspensions; lotions; creams; gels; toners; sticks; sprays; ointments; cleansing liquid washes; cleansing solid bars; shampoos; hair conditioners; pastes; foams; powders; mousses; shaving creams; wipes; strips; patches (transdermal or non-transdermal); electrically-powered patches; wound dressing and adhesive bandages; hydrogels; film-forming products; facial and skin masks; and make-up such as foundations, eye liners, and eye shadows.

(1) Sunscreens

Sunscreens used herein may be organic or inorganic. They include both UVA and UVB protective ranges. Amounts of sunscreen may range from 0.01% to 20% by weight, 0.1% to 50% by weight, usually from 0.5% to 15% by weight, and often from 4% to 12% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

Organic sunscreens will have at least one chromophoric group absorbing within the ultraviolet ranging from 290 nm to 400 nm. Chromophoric organic sunscreens may be divided into the following categories (with specific examples) including: p-Aminobenzoic acid, its salts and its derivatives (ethyl, isobutyl, glyceryl esters; p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid); Anthranilates (o-aminobenzoates; methyl, menthyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, linalyl, terpin and cyclohexenyl esters); Salicylates (octyl, amyl, phenyl, benzyl, menthyl, glyceryl, and dipropyleneglycol esters); Cinnamic acid derivatives (menthyl and benzyl esters, alpha-phenyl cinnamonitrile; butyl cinnamoyl pyruvate); Dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (umbelliferone, methylumbelliferone, methylaceto-umbelliferone); Trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (esculetin, methylesculetin, daphnetin, and the glucosides, esculin and daphnin); Hydrocarbons (diphenylbutadiene, stilbene), Dibenzalacetone and benzalacetophenone; Naphtholsulfonates (sodium salts of 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic and of 2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acids); Dihydroxynaphthoic acid and its salts; o- and p-Hydroxybiphenyldisulfonates; Coumarin derivatives (7-hydroxy, 7-methyl, 3-phenyl); Diazoles (2-acetyl-3-bromoindazole, phenyl benzoxazole, methyl naphthoxazole, various aryl benzothiazoles); Quinine salts (bisulfate, sulfate, chloride, oleate, and tannate); Quinoline derivatives (8-hydroxyquinoline salts, 2-phenylquinoline), Hydroxy- or methoxy-substituted benzophenones; Uric and vilouric acids; Tannic acid and its derivatives (e.g., hexaethylether), (Butyl carbityl) (6-propyl piperonyl) ether; Hydroquinone; Benzophenones (Oxybenzone, Sulisobenzone, Dioxybenzone, Benzoresorcinol, 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′-Dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone); Octabenzone; 4-Isopropyldibenzoylmethane; Butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane; Etocrylene; and 4-isopropyl-dibenzoyimethane).

Particularly important sunscreens are: 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (available as PARSOL MCX®), 4,4′-t-butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (known commonly as Avobenzone, available as PARSOL 1789®), octylsalicylate (available as DERMABLOCK OS®), tetraphthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid (available as MEXORYL SX®), benzophenone-3 (Oxybenzone) and mixtures thereof.

Inorganic sunscreens are usually microfine particles of titanium dioxide and of zinc dioxide. “Microtine” is defined herein as average particle size ranging from 10 nm to 200 mu, usually from 20 nm to 100 nm.

(2) Surfactants

Surfactants suitable for use may be those which can form emulsions and/or association structures. Surfactants can be categorized as being of the anionic, nonionic, cationic, or amphoteric type. The term. “surfactants” are defined herein to include materials otherwise called “emulsifiers”.

The surfactants can be used at levels from OA % to 97% by weight, preferably from 2% to 75% by weight, 0.1% to 50% by weight, more preferably from 10% to 90% by weight, and most preferably from 20% to 70% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

Examples of surfactants which may be used in the compositions described herein include salts of C8-C22 alkyl chain compounds. Representative surfactants include sodium tallowate, sodium cocoate, sodium alkyl sulfate (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium myristyl sulfate), sodium N-acyl sarcosinates (e.g., sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate and sodium N-myristoyl sarcosinate), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium hydrogenated coconut fatty acid monoglyceride sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate and N-acyl glutamates (e.g., N-palmitoyl glutamate), N-methylacyltaurin sodium salt, N-methylacylalanine sodium salt, sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate and sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate; N-alkylaminoglycerols (e. N-lauryl-diamino-ethylglycerol and N-myristyldiaminoethyl glycerol), N-alkyl-N-carboxymethylammonium betaine and sodium 2-alkyl-1-hydroxyethylimidazoline betaine; polyoxyethylenealkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ether, polyoxyethylene lanolin alcohol, polyoxyethylene glyceryl monoaliphatic acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitol aliphatic acid ester, polyoxyethylene aliphatic acid ester, higher aliphatic acid glycerol ester, sorbitan aliphatic acid ester, and polyoxyethylenesorbitan aliphatic acid esters such as polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate.

(3) Preservatives

Preservatives may be incorporated into the cosmetic compositions to protect against the growth of potentially harmful microorganisms. Suitable traditional preservatives are alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid. Other preservatives which have more recently come into use include hydantoin derivatives, propionate salts, and a variety of quaternary ammonium compounds. Cosmetic chemists are familiar with appropriate preservatives and routinely choose them to satisfy the preservative challenge test and to provide product stability. Particularly preferred preservatives are methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone combinations, phenoxyethanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, imidazolidinyl urea, sodium dehydroacetate and benzyl alcohol. Preferred preservatives include phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerine, or a combination thereof. Preservatives may be employed in amounts ranging from 0.01% to 2% by weight of the cosmetic composition. Exemplary percent compositions of the preservative are 0.01%, 0,1%, 0.9%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, In some forms, phenoxyethanol constitutes 0.9% by weight, and ethylhexylglycerine constitutes 0.1% by weight of the composition.

(4) Desquamation Agents

Desquamation agents may be present. Illustrative are the monocarboxylic acids. Monocarboxylic acids may be substituted or unsubstituted with a carbon chain length of up to 16. Particularly preferred carboxylic acids are the alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids, beta-hydroxycarboxylic or polyhydroxycarboxylic acids. The term “acid” is meant to include not only the free acid but also salts and C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl esters thereof and lactones generated from removal of water to form cyclic or linear lactone structures. Representative acids are glycolic, lactic, malic and tartaric acids. A representative salt that is particularly preferred is ammonium lactate. Salicylic acid is representative of the beta-hydroxycarboxylic acids. Amounts of these materials when present may range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, 0.01 to 15% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

Preferred desquamation agents may be selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, retinoic acid, retinol and mixtures thereof, and including salt forms thereof.

(5) Antiperspirants

Antiperspirant skin care cosmetic compositions for use herein may include well known antiperspirant metal salts of aluminum, zinc, zirconium and zirconium aluminum mixtures of sulfates, chlorides, chlorohydroxides, tetrachlorohydrex glycinates, alums, formates, lactates, benzyl sulfonates, succinates, phenol sulfonates and the like. Typical levels of antiperspirant metal salts range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, from 1% to 35%, preferably from 1.5% to 25% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

(6) Colorants

Colorants may either be dyes or pigments. A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in its vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). A colorant can act as either a pigment or a dye depending on the vehicle involved. In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.

Among the more common dyes are Alizarin, Azophloxin, Chrysoidin, Congo Red, Fuchsin acid, Gentian violet, Janus green, Methyl Red, Naphthol Green, Naphthol Yellow, Rose Bengal, Sudan II, Titan Yellow and combinations thereof. Amongst pigments, titanium dioxide and aluminum lakes (aluminum salts of dyes) are most common. Amounts of the colorant may, according to the type of cosmetic product (lipstick, foundation, hair dye, etc) range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, 0.01% to 10% by weight, usually from 0.01% to 5% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

(7) Cosmetically Acceptable Carrier

Cosmetic compositions of this invention also include a cosmetically acceptable carrier. Amounts of the carrier may range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, from 1% to 99.9% by weight, preferably from 70% to 95% by weight, most preferably from 80% to 90% by weight of the composition. Among the useful carriers are water, emollients, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, humectants, thickeners, hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof. The carrier may be aqueous, anhydrous, or an emulsion. Preferably the compositions are aqueous, especially water and oil emulsions of the W/O or O/W, or double emulsion, such as the W/O/W variety.

Water when present as carrier or otherwise may advantageously be incorporated into the compositions as a deionized, sterilized or pasteurized liquid or can be heat treated or irradiated after having been mixed with other components of the composition. These treatments insure elimination of pathogenic microbes. Water, when present may be in amounts ranging from 5% to 95% by weight, 8% to 76% by weight, 20% to 70% by weight, or 35 to 60% by weight of the composition. Exemplary percent compositions of water include 9.6% by weight, 13.996% by weight, 21.29% by weight, 21,29% by weight, 32.69% by weight, 60.64% by weight, 71.11% by weight, and 75.05% by weight.

Emollient materials may serve as cosmetically acceptable carriers. These may be in the form of silicone oils, synthetic or natural esters and hydrocarbons. Amounts of the emollients may range anywhere from 0.1% to 95% by weight, from 0.1% to 50% by weight, preferably between 1% and 50% by weight, inclusive, from 1% to 25% by weight, of the cosmetic composition. A preferred emollient is caprylic/capric triglyceride. In some forms the capric/capric triglyceride constitutes about 15% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

Silicone oils may be divided into the volatile and nonvolatile variety. Volatile silicone oils are preferably chosen from cyclic (cyclomethicone) or linear polydimethylsiloxanes containing from 3 to 9, preferably from 4 to 5, silicon atoms.

Nonvolatile silicone oils useful as an emollient material include polyalkyl siloxanes, polyalkylaryl siloxanes and polyether siloxane copolymers. The essentially nonvolatile polyalkyl siloxanes useful herein include, for example, polydimethyl siloxanes with viscosities of from about 5×10⁻⁶ m²/s to 0.1 m²/s at 25° C. Among the preferred nonvolatile emollients useful in the present compositions are the polydimethyl siloxanes having viscosities from about 1×10⁻⁵ m²/s to about 4×10⁻⁴ m²/s at 25° C.

Another class of nonvolatile silicones are emulsifying and non-emulsifying silicone elastomers. Representative of this category is DimethiconeNinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer available as Dow Corning 9040, General Electric SFE 839, and Shin-Etsu KSG-18. Silicone waxes such as Silwax (Dimethicone Copolyol Laurate) may also be useful.

Among the ester emollients are: alkyl esters of saturated fatty acids having 10 to 24 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include behenyl neopentanoate, isononyl isonanonoate, isopropyl myristate and octyl stearate; ether-esters such as fatty acid esters of ethoxylated saturated fatty alcohols; polyhydric alcohol esters such as ethylene glycol mono and di-fatty acid esters, diethylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol (200-6000) mono- and di-fatty acid esters, propylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polypropylene glycol 2000 monostearate, ethoxylated propylene glycol monostearate, glyceryl mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polyglycerol poly-fatty esters, ethoxylated glyceryl mono-stearate, 1,3-butylene glycol monostearate, 1,3-butylene glycol distearate, polyoxyethylene polyol fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid esters, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters are satisfactory polyhydric alcohol esters. Particularly useful are pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane and neopentyl glycol esters of C₁-C₃₀ alcohols; wax esters such as beeswax, spermaceti wax and tribehenin wax; and sugar ester of fatty acids such as sucrose polybehenate and sucrose polycottonseedate.

Hydrocarbons which are suitable cosmetically acceptable carriers include petrolatum, mineral oil, C₁₁-C₁₃ s isoparaffins, and especially isohexadecane, available commercially as Permethyl 101 A from Presperse Inc.

Fatty acids having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms may also be suitable as cosmetically acceptable carriers. Illustrative of this category are pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, isostearic, oleic, hydroxystearic and behenic acids.

Fatty alcohols having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms are another useful category of cosmetically acceptable carrier. Illustrative of this category are stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol.

Humectants of the polyhydric alcohol-type can be employed as cosmetically acceptable carriers. Typical polyhydric alcohols include glycerol (also known as glycerine), polyalkylene glycols and more preferably alkylene polyols and their derivatives, including propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, hexylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, isoprene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerol, propoxylated glycerol and mixtures thereof. The amount of humectant may range anywhere from 0.1% to 50% by weight, 0.5% to 50% by weight, preferably between 1% and 15% by weight of the composition. In some forms the humectant constitutes about 15% by weight of the composition. In some forms, the humectant is glycerine.

Thickeners can be utilized as part of the cosmetically acceptable carrier of compositions according to the present invention. Typical thickeners include crosslinked acrylates (e.g. CARBOPOL 982®), hydrophobically-modified acrylates (e.g. CARBOPOL 1382®), cellulosic derivatives and natural gums. Among useful cellulosic derivatives are sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methocellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and hydroxymethyl cellulose. Natural gums suitable for the present invention include guar, xanthan, sclerotium, carrageenan, pectin and combinations of these gums. Inorganics may also be utilized as thickeners, particularly clays such as bentonites and hectorites, fumed silicas, and silicates such as magnesium aluminum silicate (VEEGUM®). Amounts of the thickener may range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, 0.001% to 10% by weight, usually from 0.001% to 1% by weight, optimally from 0.01% to 0.5% by weight of the composition. Most preferred thickeners include hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, polyacrylate crosspolymer-6, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the thickeners include hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, and polyacrylate crosspolymer-6. Preferably each of these constitutes about 0.5% by weight of the cosmetic composition.

(8) Additional Materials

Also included may be such materials as resveratrol, alpha-lipoic acid, ellagic acid, kinetin, retinoxytrimethylsilane (available from Clariant Corp. under the SILCARE 1M-75®), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and combinations thereof. Ceramides (including Ceramide 1, Ceramide 3, Ceramide 3B, Ceramide 6 and Ceramide 7) as well as pseudoceramides are useful. Amounts of these materials may range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.01% to 1% by weight of the composition.

The cosmetic compositions may contain an active peptide selected from pentapeptides, derivatives of pentapeptides, and mixtures thereof. As used herein, “pentapeptides” refers to both the naturally occurring pentapeptides and synthesized pentapeptides. A pentapeptide derivative-containing composition is MATRIXYL®, which is commercially available from Sederma, France. The pentapeptides and/or pentapeptide derivatives are preferably included in amounts of from (11% to 50% by weight, 0.001% to 20% wt/v.

The cosmetic compositions can include a skin lightening compound. Illustrative substances are placental extract, lactic acid, niacinamide, arbutin, kojic acid, ferulic acid, hydroquinone, resorcinol and derivatives including 4-substituted resorcinols and combinations thereof. Amounts of these substances may range from 0.1% to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 2% by weight of the composition.

The cosmetic compositions may include vitamins. Illustrative vitamins are Vitamin A (retinol), Vitamin B₂, Vitamin B₃ (niacinamide), Vitamin B₆, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K and Biotin. Derivatives of the vitamins may also be employed. For instance, Vitamin C derivatives include ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl glycoside. Derivatives of Vitamin E include tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl palmitate and tocopheryl linoleate. DL-panthenol and derivatives may also be employed. A particularly suitable Vitamin B₆ derivative is Pyridoxine Palmitate. Flavonoids may also be useful, particularly glucosyl hesperidin, rutin, and soy isoflavones (including genistein, daidzein, equal, and their glucosyl derivatives) and mixtures thereof. Total amount of vitamins or flavonoids when present may range from 0.1% to 50% by weight, 0.001% to 10% by weight of the composition.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition contains an emollient selected from those described above; a thickening agent selected from those described above; water; a humectant selected from those described above; a preservative selected from those described above, and any of the quinones defined by Formula I, Formula II, Formula III.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition contains: caprylic/capric tryglyceride; hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer; polyacrylate crosspolymer-6; water; glycerin; phenoxyethanol; ethylhexylglycerin; and any of the quinones defined by Formula I, Formula II, or Formula III.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition contains: caprylic/capric tryglyceride, 15% by weight; hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, 0.5% by weight; polyacrylate crosspolymer-6, 0.5%, by weight; water, 77.75% by weight; glycerin, 5.0% by weight; phenoxyethanol, 0.9% by weight; ethylhexylglycerin, 0.1% by weight; and lapachol, 0.25% by weight.

In some forms, the cosmetic composition contains: caprylic/capric tryglyceride, 15% by weight; hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, 0.5% by weight; polyacrylate crosspolymer-6, 0.5%, by weight; water, 77.90% by weight; glycerin, 5.0% by weight; phenoxyethanol, 0.9% by weight; ethylhexylglycerin, 0.1% by weight; and myrtucommulone C, 0.1% by weight.

III. Methods of Using

The disclosed compositions can be used to inhibit CUL4 ubiquitin ligase in a subject in need thereof. For example the compositions can be administered in conditions involving DNA damage and/or needing DNA repair, wound healing and/or skin dermatitis. In preferred embodiments, the cosmetic compositions can be used topically to treat the signs of ageing. These signs include formation of fine lines and wrinkles, inadequate skin firmness, reduction of skin luminescence, lack of skin smoothness, poor skin elasticity, formation of age spots, blotching, sallowness, uneven pigmentation, spider veins (telangiectasia), thinning of hair, lack of hair lustre or shine, hair with split ends and combinations thereof.

Advantageously, UV irradiated samples of the quinone or cosmetic compositions formulated with the quinone exhibit, in testing against the CUL4 bio target, a reduction in DNA damage relative to a UV irradiated control of at least 10%, preferably at least 50%, most preferably by at least 80% over baseline compared to no treatment control, as measured by % CPD (Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer) formed in a test cell. Accordingly, the compositions should be used in DNA repair, particular in skin cells.

As shown herein, compounds in the disclosed compositions upregulate genes implicated in wound healing, tissue repair, improving collagen deposition at a site in need thereof, and inflammation, for example, inteleukin-6 (IL-6), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), GPHR, ADAM17, and VEGF. Accordingly, the disclosed formulations can improve the speed and efficiency of the healing process and/or decrease inflammation at a site in need thereof. The compositions are applied are applied to a site in need thereof, in an effective amount to upregulate expression of a gene selected from the group consisting of inteleukin-6 (IL-6), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), GPHR, ADAM17, and VEGF or downregulate expression of Smad3. “Upregulated” or “downregulated” as used herein uses a threshold of 0.05 for statistical significance (p-value) and a log fold change of expression with absolute value of at least 1 compared to no treatment control.

For example, IL-6 (the expression of which is upregulated by both RGN1518 and RGN 1538) has direct, crucial role in proliferation and remodeling phases of wound healing (Lin, et al.. J. Leukoc Biol., 73(6):713-21 (2003), for example, by promoting collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Following damage of the epidermis, primary inflammatory cytokines like TNFα and IL-1 are released and in turn, induce expression of IL-6. Primary inflammatory cytokines mediate inflammatory cell accumulation in tissues, resulting in further damage. IL-6 counters this by inhibiting the expression of primary inflammatory cytokines. IL-6 itself mediates skin healing, and may promote the influx or differentiation of anti-inflammatory macrophage populations that further promote repair.

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contributes to the regulation of virtually all aspects of development and organogenesis, and after birth to tissue maintenance, as well as particular aspects of organism physiology (Reviewed in Nunes, et al., Peer J. 4:e1535 (2016).

The Golgi pH regulator (GPHR) is an anion channel essential for normal acidification of the Golgi apparatus, and is therefore required for its functions. GPHR is essential for the homeostasis of the epidermis including the formation of lamellar bodies and for the barrier function. Tarutani, et al., J Invest Dermatol, 132(8):2019-25 (2012).

ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17) axis plays a key role in skin barrier maintenance, inflammation and migration. Brooke, et al., Human Mol. Gen. 23(15):4064-4076 (2014).

VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) stimulates wound healing via multiple mechanisms including collagen deposition, angiogenesis and epithelization. In the clinical setting, the mitogenic, chemotactic, and permeability effects of VEGF may potentially aid to promote repair in nonhealing wounds in arterial occlusive disease and diabetes. It may also alleviate the “wound” of ischemic heart disease. Reviewed in Boa, et al., J. Surg. Res., 153(2):347-358 (2009).

The disclosed compositions can be used to downregulate genes, the downregulation of which has been shown to be beneficial for wound healing, for example, Smad3. Studies by Ashcroft et al. show that absence of Smad3 is associated with accelerated wound healing. Nat Cell Biol. 1999 1(5):260-6. Smad3 (also known as Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog, 3 Mothers against DPP homolog 3, Mad3, hMAD-3, JV15-2 or hSMAD3) is a transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinase. These activators exert diverse effects on a wide array of cellular processes. The Smad proteins mediate much of the signaling responses induced by the TGF-b superfamily. Briefly, activated type I receptor phosphorylates receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads) at their c-terminal two extreme serines in the SSXS motif, e.g. Smad2 and Smad3 proteins in the TGF-b pathway, or Smad1, Smad5 or Smad8 in the EMP pathway. Then the phosphorylated R-Smad translocated into nucleus, where they regulate transcription of target genes. Based on microarray and animal model experiments, Smad3 accounts for at least 80% of all TGF-b-mediated response.

Thus, in other embodiments, the compound can be applied topically to skin wounds to improve the speed and efficiency of the healing process in different types of wounds and inflammatory conditions of the skin, including, but not limited to cuts, burns, skin ulcers, sores, dermatitis etc or improve collagen deposition at a site in need thereof. There is also a need for better agents to heal diabetic wounds and wounds occurring in elderly people, which are both major problems. The features of the wound healing pathway also have overlap in anti-aging pathways, such as cell differentiation and migration. According, the compounds disclosed herein could be applied to a subject with a diabetic wound and on wounds in the elderly. Studies by Lee et al., J. Immunotoxicol., 10(2):192-200 (2013) showed that IL-6 deficiency exacerbates skin inflammation in a model of irritant dermatitis. Accordingly, upregulation of IL-6 production/expression can be useful within the context of dermatitis.

Contact dermatitis is divided into two main manifestations, those of allergic and irritant dermatitis. The major difference between the two pathologies is often described as whether the disease is of immunological origin (allergic), where T-cells are involved or non-immunological origin (irritant), where physical damage is thought to be the major initiating event. Dermatitis is generally characterized at the histological level by neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and at the molecular level by inflammatory cytokine production. The major difference between the two types of contact dermatitis appears to be the source of inflammatory cytokines. Whereas allergic dermatitis depends on T-cells, irritant type depends initially on dermal or epidermal cell sources. IL-6 is associated with both allergic and irritant dermatitis. In addition to its immunomodulatory activities, IL-6 is involved in the growth and differentiation of numerous cell types, including those of dermal and epidermal origin. IL-6 treatment also appears to modulate stratum corneum regeneration and skin. barrier function. Lee et al., J. Immunotoxicol., 10(2):192-200 (2013), citations omitted)

Other uses for the presently described quinones are in cosmetic compositions that remediate sunburn as after-care products, that control diaper rash, that clear acne, that treat eczema, inhibit psoriasis, retard dandruff and control itching.

IV. Methods of Making

The cosmetic compositions can be formulated by creating an emulsion containing the components described above, using a cold process formulation method. Such emulsions can be made using cold process polymeric, anionic, bases such as SEPIMAX ZEN®. In some forms, an emollient, such as caprylic/capric tryglyceride; a thickening agents, such as hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer and polyacrylate crosspolymer-6; water; a humectant, such as glycerin; and preservatives, such as phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin can be used as base components in making the cosmetic compositions. Any of the quinones described above, can be added to the base components to make the final cosmetic composition. Preferably, the quinones are lapachol, myrtucommulone C, thymoquinone, or a combination.

The cosmetic compositions may also be formulated using formulation methods utilizing different temperatures. Preferably, any of the quinones described above can be added to the base components at temperatures from 0° C. to 50° C. by stirring the components until the quinones have solubilized in the formulation.

Except in the examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction, physical properties of materials and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about” All amounts are by weight of the final cosmetic composition, unless otherwise specified.

It should be noted that in specifying any range of concentration or amount, any particular upper concentration can be associated with any particular lower concentration or amount.

For the avoidance of doubt, the word “comprising” is intended to mean “including” but not necessarily “consisting of” or “composed of.” In other words, the listed steps or options need not be exhaustive.

The disclosure of the invention as found herein is to be considered to cover all embodiments as found in the claims as being multiply dependent upon each other irrespective of the fact that claims may be found without multiple dependency or redundancy.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Screen for Active Ingredients Derived from Natural Sources that have the Ability to Inhibit the Activity of a Target Protein, Cullin 4 A CUL4A Methods

A two-tiered approach was employed to discover novel active ingredients derived from natural sources that have the ability to inhibit the activity of a target protein, cullin 4 A CUL4A, and which can be used in cosmetic compositions.

The first tier used an in silico screen and comprehensive computer algorithm to screen a library of over ˜150,000 natural products that have the ability to inhibit CUL4A based on their structure and predicted ability to bind to the CUL4A protein and disrupt its activity.

The second tier of screening involved experiments that covered modulating the activity of CUL4A. The top compounds with predicted activity from the first tier were subjected to tests to identify which actives have significant inhibitory activity against CUL4A.

Results

In silico screening of the ˜150,000 compounds resulted in a hit rate of approximately 0.36% or 54 active ingredients that passed set comprehensive filters with a high (<88%) predictive inhibitory activity against CUL4A. A BPB-CUL4A AlphaLISA assay was performed using the 54 compounds to determine their CUL4A inhibitory properties in vitro. Next, these 54 leads were tested for their cell-based inhibitory activity against CUL4A. A first cell-based assay involved the inhibition of DNA damage-binding protein 2 (DDB2) degradation in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells in vitro. To determine the specificity of the compounds, another cell-based assay was performed to determine the inhibition of IKBa degradation in HeLa cells in vitro. Preferably, the compounds show high DDB2 inhibition and less inhibition of IKBa degradation. IkBa is a target of CUL4B, and this assay provides insight into the specificity of the compounds. These tests led to the selection of three active compounds that passed inhibition and selectivity thresholds and, thus, were suitable for use in cosmetic compositions. These were thymoquinone, lapachol and myrtucommulone C.

Predictive activity against CUL4A was scored from 0-1, with 1 being the highest predictive activity. Outlined below are the results of the in silico predictions.

In Silico Average Predicted Activity

Compound Ave. Predicted Activity Thymoquinone 0.936 Lapachol 0.910 Myrtucommulone C 0.895

The Table below reports the ability of compounds to disrupt CUL4A activity in vitro (in a cell free CUL4 inhibition assay) ascertained from the BPB-CUL4A AlphaLISA assay. Activity above 30% was set to distinguish true hits from false positives.

In Vitro Inhibition Results

Compound % Inhibitory Activity Thymoquinone 70.4% Lapachol 34.4% Myrtucommulone C 48.9%

In a further Table below are reported in vitro cell based results displayed as a percentage increased inhibition of CUL4A over baseline compared to a no treatment control i.e., DMSO.

In Vitro Cell Based Assay

Compound % Inhibit Thymoquinone 85% Lapachol 80% Myrtucommulone C 115% 

In this cell-based assay, the % is DDB2 (DNA binding degradation protein 2) remaining after UV treatment over baseline compared to a control group. In the DMSO control group, the DDB2 remaining % was between 20-30%.

Lastly, tests were conducted on human skin cells. The testing was performed using neonatal foreskin keratinocytes, a type of skin cell that is a common model for skin testing across the cosmetic industry. The skin cells were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co. (NY) and grown in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Cultures were maintained at 37° C. within an air atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide and about 95% humidity.

The skin cells were seeded in 12-well plates and incubated for 24 hours. After incubation, the cells were washed in phenyl benzene sulfonate (PBS) and irradiated with UVB at a dosage of 35 mJ/cm² using a Viber Lourmat BIO-Sun System (Marne-la-Vallee, France). The test compounds and control materials were added to the medium immediately following UVB irradiation; the treated mediums were allowed to continue for 12 hours at 37° C. under the air atmosphere with 5% carbon dioxide at about 95% humidity. In parallel, each test compound was added to non-irradiated cells as baseline controls. Untreated cells were used as negative controls. All treatments were performed in triplicate. Dosage levels for samples were 12.5 microMolar except lapachol dosed at 3 microMolar. Following incubation, the cells were washed with PBS, collected and stored at −80° C.

DNA was extracted from the collected cells using a QlAamp Blood Kit (QIAGEN, CA, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. The amounts of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in the various samples were determined by the CPD ELISA protocol. In accordance with this protocol, an OXISELECT® UV-Induced DNA Damage ELISA Kit (Cell Biolabs Inc., CA, USA) was employed for the testing done in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Amounts of CPD in UVB-treated samples were determined in percentage relative to the value of untreated fibroblasts. The greater the measured % CPD, the greater the DNA damage. Thus, in the Table below, the smaller the “Avg (% Untreated)” value, the better is the UVB damage induced inhibitory effect.

Mean standard deviation comparisons between data groups employed the GraphPad Prism 6.05 software (GraphPad Software, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with Holm-Sidak's test or unpaired t-test with Welch's correction.

Results of the human fibroblast cell assay are recorded in the Table below. Therein is shown the significant DNA damage inhibitory effect of lapachol, thymoquinone and myrtucommulone C, with the latter being the most effective inhibitor.

Human Fibroblast Cell Assay

Test Sample or Control Avg (% Untreated) St Dev Untreated Control (no UVB) 99.2 12.59 Untreated Control (UVB) 3907 423.1 Niacinamide 2216 64.4 Lapachol 2076 127.2 Thymoquinone 2554 252 Myrtucommulone C 1362 307.8

In summary, the activity of the compounds has been tested in three different phases: the computer screen, an in vitro assay designed to specifically detect CUL4A inhibition, and also lastly in a biological setting having activity in cells.

Example 2. Formulation for a Skin Care Product Including Thymoquinone

An illustrative skin care product including thymoquinone for treating age spots and lightening skin has the formula below.

Component Weight % Thymoquinone 0.10 Niacinamide 4.00 Isohexadecane 3.00 Isopropyl isostearate 2.00 Sucrose Polycottonseedate 0.70 Polymethylsilsesquioxane 0.25 Cetearyl Glucoside/Cetearyl Alcohol 0.25 Behenyl Alcohol 0.40 Ethyl Paraben 0.20 Propyl Paraben 0.10 Cetyl Alcohol 0.30 Stearyl Alcohol 0.45 PEG-100 Stearate 0.10 Glycerin 8.50 Titanium Dioxide 0.60 Polymethacrylate 2.00 Dimethicone/Dimethiconol 2.00 Water to 100

The water phase components are combined in a suitable vessel and heated to 75° C. in a separate suitable vessel, combine the oil phase ingredients and heat to 75° C. Next add the oil phase to the water phase and mill the resulting emulsion (e.g., with a Tekmar™ T-25 mill). Then, add the thickener to the emulsion and cool the emulsion to 45° C. while stirring. At 45° C., add the remaining components. Cool the product and stir to 30° C. and pour into suitable containers.

Example 3. Representation a Skin Care Product Including Lapachol

A representative skin care composition incorporating Lapachol in the form of a cosmetic lotion is outlined below:

Component Weight % Water Balance Disodium EDTA 0.05 Methyl Paraben 0.15 Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 0.60 Triethanolamine 1.20 Xanthan Gum 0.20 Natrosol  ® 250HHR (ethyl cellulose) 0.50 Butylene Glycol 3.00 Glycerin 2.00 Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate 0.10 Glycerol Monostearate 1.50 Stearyl Alcohol 1.50 Isostearyl Palmitate 3.00 Silicone Fluid 1.00 Lapachol 0.25 Butylated Hydroxy Toluene 0.05 Vitamin E Acetate 0.01 PEG-100 Stearate 2.00 Stearic Acid 3.00 Propyl Paraben 0.10 Parsol MCX  ® 2.00 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride 0.50 Hydroxycaprylic Acid 0.01 C12-15 Alkyl Octanoate 3.00 (Isotridecyloxy)propionic acid (branched) 2.00 or (Isotridecyloxy)acetic acid (branched) Vitamin A Palmitate 0.10 Bisabolol 0.01 Vitamin A Acetate 0.01 Fragrance (20% Limonene and 3% gamma terpinene) 0.03 Retinol 50C 0.02

Example 4. Make-Up Product Including Lapachol

A water-in-oil topical liquid make-up foundation incorporating Lapachol is described below.

Component Weight % Lapachol 2.00 Cyclomethicone 9.25 Oleyl Oleate 2.00 Dimethicone Copolyol 20.00 Talc 3.38 Pigment (Iron Oxides) 10.51 Spheron L-1500 (Silica) 0.50 Synthetic Wax 0.10 Arachidyl Behenate 0.30 Cyclomethicone 1.00 Trihydroxystearin 0.30 Laureth-7 0.50 Propyl Paraben 0.25 Perfume 0.10 Methyl Paraben 0.12 Propylene Glycol 8.00 Niacinamide 4.00 Glycerin 3.00 Sodium Chloride 2.00 Water To 100

Example 5. Myrtucommulone C-Containing Foaming Cleaner

An aerosol packaged foaming cleanser is outlined fortified with myrtucommulone C.

Component Weight % Sunflower Seed Oil 10.00 Glycerin 10.00 Maleated Soybean Oil 5.00 Silicone Urethane 1.00 Polyglycero-4 Oleate 1.00 Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate 15.00 Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (25% active) 15.00 Cocoamidopropylbetaine 15.00 DC 1784 ® (Silicone Emulsion 50%) 5.00 Polyquaternium-11 1.00 Myrtucommulone C 0.01 Fragrance (20% Limonene) 0.70 Water To 100

Example 6. Illustrative Toilet Bar Formula Incorporating Lapachol

Component for an illustrative toilet bar formula incorporating Lapachol is listed below.

Component Weight % Sodium Soap (85/15 Tallow/Coconut) 77.77 Inventive compound 5a 3.50 Dimethicone 2.00 Sodium Chloride 0.77 Titanium Dioxide 0.40 Ethylene Brassylate 1.50 Disodium EDTA 0.02 Sodium Etidronate 0.02 Lapachol 0.024 Water To 100

Example 7. Shampoo Incorporating Thymoquinone

A shampoo composition with thymoquinone is described below for illustrative purposes.

Component Weight % Ammonium Laureth Sulfate 12.00 Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate 2.00 Cocoamidopropyl Betaine 2.00 Sodium Lauroamphoacetate 2.00 Glycerin 12.00 Thymoquinone 1.50 Ethylene Glycol Distearate 1.50 Cocomonoethanolamide 0.80 Cetyl Alcohol 0.60 Polyquaternium-10 0.50 Dimethicone 1.00 Zinc Pyridinethione 1.00 Sodium Citrate 0.40 Citric Acid 0.39 Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 1.00 Fragrance (10% Limonene) 0.40 Sodium Benzoate 0.25 Kathon CG ® 0.0008 Benzyl Alcohol 0.0225 Water To 100

Example 8. Antiperspirant Formulation Incorporating Thymoquinine and Lapachol

This Example illustrates an antiperspirant formula incorporating thymoquinone and lapachol in combination.

Component Weight % (Isotridecyloxy)propionic acid (branched) 2.0 Cyclopentasiloxane 37.0 Dimethicone 20.0 Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorohydrex Glycinate 15.0 Thymoquinone and Lapachol (1:1 wt ratio) 5.0 C₁₈-C₃₆ Acid Triglyceride 5.0 Microcrystalline Wax 3.0 Glycerin 8.0 Silica 2.5 Dimethicone Crosspolymer 1.0 Ethylene Brassylate 0.5 Disodium EDTA 0.4 Butylated Hydroxytoluene 0.3 Citric Acid 0.3

Example 9. Myrtucommulone C-Containing Formulation for Sunburn Treatment

This example describes a sunburn treatment composition including the DNA repair quinone which is myrtucommulone C.

Component Weight % Cocoa Butter 30.0 Shea Butter 18.0 Jojoba Oil 15.5 Petrolatum 15.0 Stearic Acid 6.0 Magnesium Sulphate Pentahydrate 3.0 Zinc Oxide 1.9 Myrtucommulone C 1.0 Water to 100

Example 10. Stability Studies for RGN 1538 (Lapacol Composition) and RGN 1518 (Myrtucommulone C Composition)

Two cosmetic compositions were prepared, one containing lapachol (denoted RGN 1538) and the other containing myrtucommulone C (denoted RGN 1518) as active ingredients, and the stabilities of the active ingredients in these compositions were evaluated.

RGN Specifi- % Change % of Sample Name 1538 cation Actual Difference original Time 0 (Mar. 16, 2017) 0.25 0.25  0% 100% RT 2 Weeks 0.25 0.213 15%  85% 40° C., 2 weeks 0.25 0.243  3%  97% 50° C., 2 weeks 0.25 0.251  0% 100% −5° C., 2 weeks 0.25 0.252 −1% 101% F/T, 2 week 0.25 0.21 16%  84% RT, 4 Weeks 0.25 0.198 21%  79% 40° C., 4 weeks 0.25 0.25  0% 100% 50° C., 4 weeks 0.25 0.25  0% 100% −5° C., 2 weeks 0.25 0.252 −1% 101% Cycle 3X 0.25 0.183 27%  73% RT, 6 Weeks 0.25 0.178 29%  71% 40° C., 6 weeks 0.25 0.252 −1% 101% −5° C., 6 weeks 0.25 0.252 −1% 101% RT, 8 Weeks 0.25 0.178 29%  71% 40° C., 8 weeks 0.25 0.252 −1% 101% −5° C., 8 weeks 0.25 0.249  0% 100% RT, 12 Weeks 0.25 0.146 42%  58% 40° C., 12 weeks 0.25 0.254 −2% 102% −5° C., 12 weeks 0.25 0.251  0% 100%

The components of the RGN1538 compositions were as follows: caprylic/capric tryglyceride, 15% by weight; hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, 0.5% by weight; polyacrylate crosspolymer-6, 0.5%, by weight; water, 77.75% by weight; glycerin, 5.0% by weight; phenoxyethanol, 0.9% by weight; ethylhexylglycerin, 0.1% by weight; and RGN1538, 0.25% by weight.

RGN Specifi- % Change % of Sample Name 1518 cation Actual Difference original Time 0 (Mar. 17, 2017) 0.096 0.091 5% 95% RT, 2 Weeks 0.096 0.089 7% 93% 40° C., 2 weeks 0.096 0.088 8% 92% 50° C., 2 weeks 0.096 0.089 7% 93% −5° C., 2 weeks 0.096 0.087 9% 91% F/T, 2 week 0.096 0.092 4% 96% RT, 4 Weeks 0.096 0.087 9% 91% 40° C., 4 weeks 0.096 0.088 8% 92% 50° C., 4 weeks 0.096 0.092 4% 96% −5° C., 2 weeks 0.096 0.088 8% 92% Cycle 3X 0.096 0.091 5% 95% RT, 6 Weeks 0.096 0.09 6% 94% 40° C., 6 weeks 0.096 0.089 7% 93% −5° C., 6 weeks 0.096 0.087 9% 91% RT, 8 Weeks 0.096 0.088 8% 92% 40° C., 8 weeks 0.096 0.088 8% 92% −5° C., 8 weeks 0.096 0.092 4% 96% RT, 12 Weeks 0.096 0.096 0% 100%  40° C., 12 weeks 0.096 0.098 −2%  102%  −5° C., 12 weeks 0.096 0.095 1% 99%

The components of the RGN1518 compositions were as follows: caprylic/capric tryglyceride, 15% by weight; hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, 0.5% by weight; polyacrylate crosspolymer-6, 0.5%, by weight; water, 77.90% by weight; glycerin, 5.0% by weight; phenoxyethanol, 0.9% by weight; ethylhexylglycerin, 0.1% by weight; and RGN1518, 0.1% by weight.

Acceptable degradation of active compounds at the accelerated temperature conditions (40° C., 50° C., −5° C.) is 20% or 80% of original. The compounds RGN1518 and RGN1538 met this criteria at these temperatures at the two-, four-, six-, eight-, and 12-week time points.

Results from these tests show that the active ingredient is stable over a period of twelve weeks at varying accelerated temperature conditions. Thus, active ingredients should remain in the formulation and not breakdown.

Example 11. Insult Patch Tests for RGN1518 and RGN1538

Lastly a repeat insult patch test (RIPT) was performed using the two cosmetic compositions described above. About fifty human volunteers were involved for each cosmetic composition (50 for RGN1518 and 52 for RGN1538).

Methods

Fifty-seven subjects, male and female, ranging in age from 20 to 75 years were selected to evaluate each cosmetic composition. Fifty-two subjects completed the study in each case. The remaining subjects discontinued their participation for various reasons, which were unrelated to the application of the test material.

(i) Inclusion Criteria

The following criteria were used to include subjects in the tests:

a. Male and female subjects, age 16^(a) to 79 years.

b. Absence of any visible skin disease which might be confused with a skin reaction from the test material.

c. Prohibition of use of topical or systemic steroids and/or antihistamines for at least seven days prior to study initiation.

d. Completion of a medical history form and the understanding and signing of an Informed Consent form.

e. Considered reliable and capable of following directions.

^(a)With parental or guardian consent

(ii) Exclusion Criteria

a. Ill-health.

b. Under a doctor's care or taking medication(s) which could influence the outcome of the study.

c. Females who are pregnant or nursing.

d. A history of adverse reactions to cosmetics or other personal care products.

The upper back between the scapulae served as the treatment area. Approximately 0.2 g of the test material, or an amount sufficient to cover the contact surface, was applied to a 1″×1″ absorbent pad portion of a clear adhesive dressing. This was then applied to the appropriate treatment site to form a semi-occlusive patch.

(iii) Induction Phase

Patches were applied three (3) times per week (e.g., Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for a total of nine (9) applications. The site was marked to ensure the continuity of patch application. Following supervised removal and scoring of the first Induction patch, participants were instructed to remove all subsequent Induction patches at home, twenty-four hours after application. The evaluation of this site was made again just prior to re-application. If a participant was unable to report for an assigned test day, one (1) makeup day was permitted. This day was added to the Induction period.

(iv) Induction Phase

With the exception of the first supervised Induction Patch reading, if any test site exhibited a moderate (2-level) reaction during the Induction Phase, application was moved to an adjacent area. Applications were discontinued for the remainder of this test phase, if a moderate (2-level) reaction was observed on this new test site. Applications would also be discontinued if marked (3-level) or severe (4-level) reactivity was noted.

Rest periods entailed one day following each Tuesday and Thursday removal, and two days following each Saturday removal.

(v) Challenge Phase

Approximately two (2) weeks after the final induction patch application, a challenge patch was applied to a virgin test site adjacent to the original Induction patch site, following the same procedure described for Induction. The patch was removed and the site scored at the clinic Day 1 and Day 3 post-application.

The formation of erythema and/or additional dermal sequelae were the criteria for evaluating the performance of the cosmetic compositions. Erythema was scored numerically according to the key below. If present, additional dermal sequelae were indicated by the appropriate letter code and a numerical value for severity.

Number Meaning Letter(s) Meaning 0 No visible skin reaction E Edema 0.5 Barely perceptible D Dryness 1 Mild S Staining 2 Moderate P Papules 3 Marked V Vesicles 4 Severe B Bullae U Ulceration Sp Spreading

Results

There were no adverse events, amendments, or deviations. The results from the tests showed that the active ingredients do not cause any skin irritation or dermal sensitization on human subjects.

While the present compositions and methods have been described with reference to the specific variations thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the compositions and methods described herein. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the compounds and methods described herein. All patents and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference.

Example 12: Chemical Analysis of a Natural Isolate of Myrtucommulone C and Samples of Synthetic Myrtucommulone C

Myrtucommulone C isolated from a natural source, (the Myrtus communis plant) and samples of synthetic Myrtucommulone C were used in this analysis. Samples were analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and an almost complete chemical shift assignment of the first synthetic sample was performed using 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY). These analysis revealed the following:

The isolated and synthetic samples contain the same primary components, which are diastereomers and have the structures below:

However, the proportion of the diastereomers differed between the samples.

The isolated natural sample contained ˜65% MyrtC as an 88% to 12% mixture of diastereomers.

The NMR analysis could not unambiguously determine which diastereomer was in excess, but, the major component was assigned as R*,R*-MyrtC based on the stereochemistry of the closely related natural products R*,R*-Myrtucommulone-D and R*,R*-Myrtucommulone-E for which X-ray crystal structures have been reported in the literature (Shaheen, et al., “New α-Glucosidase Inhibitors and Antibacterial Compounds from Myrtus communis L., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2 2371-2377 (2006)).

By contrast the first synthetic sample contained ˜98% MyrtC as a 42% to 58% mixture of diastereomers. The major diastereomer in this sample was the same as the minor one in the isolated sample.

The second synthetic sample contained ˜95% MyrtC as a 50% to 50% mixture of diastereomers.

Each diastereomer exists as a pair of rotomers, which exchange on the seconds time-scale at ambient temperature:

The samples did not contain the tautomeric structures below:

The observed spectroscopic data did not match the data reported for the natural product in the literature by Shaheen, et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2 2371-2377 (2006).

Example 13: Microarray Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts Following Treatment with RGN1518 (Containing Myrtucommolone C) and RGN1538 (Containing Lapachol)

A study was conducted to evaluate the differential gene expression in adult human epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts after treatment with compounds RGN1518 and RGN1538.

Materials and Methods

(i) Compounds Tested

RGN1518 (M, Repairogen): stock solution in DMSO; tested at 3.1 μM and 1.6 μM final concentrations. RGN1538 (L, Repairogen): stock solution in DMSO; tested at 62 μM and 31 μM final concentrations. Niacinamide (N, 35318 SE, Making Cosmetics, WA, USA): stock solution in DMEM; tested at 50 mM final concentration. Niacinamide was used as a positive control.

(ii) Cell Culture

Normal primary adult human keratinocytes derived from a 29-year-old donor were purchased from PromoCell (Heidelberg, Germany) and cultured in keratinocytes growth medium (Epilife+EDGS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, NY, USA). Keratinocytes cultures were maintained at 37° C. with 5% CO2 and ˜95% humidity.

Normal human dermal adult fibroblasts derived from a 35-year-old donor of were purchased from CELLnTec (Bern, Switzerland) and grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Life Technologies, CA, USA). Fibroblasts cultures were maintained at 37° C. with 5% CO2 and ˜95% humidity.

(iii) Cytotoxicity Assay

Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the Cell Titer96 Aqueous One (Promega, Wis., USA) basic test according to manufacturer's instructions. Cells were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate and cultured overnight. Treatments with seven doses of compounds were carried out for 24 hours, in triplicates. Colorimetric analysis was performed using an absorbance of 490 nm. Inhibition of viability of more than 20% of the control values was considered cytotoxic.

(iv) Treatments in Cultured Human Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts

Normal primary human keratinocytes were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated for 24 h. Cells were then washed in PBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and reincubated for 24 more hours in the presence of RGN1518 and RGN1538 (each at two different concentrations), vehicle control, or positive control. Following treatment, the cells were washed with PBS, collected and stored frozen at −80° C. before RNA extraction.

Normal primary human fibroblasts were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated for 24 h. After incubation, cells were washed in PBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and treated for 24 hours with RGN1518 and RGN1538, each at two concentrations, vehicle control, or positive control. Following incubation, the cells were washed with PBS, collected and stored frozen at −80° C. before RNA extraction.

(v) RNA Extraction

RNA was extracted using a Qiagen RNeasy kit (Qiagen, CA, USA) according to manufacturer's protocol.

(vi) Quality Control of Total RNA

RNA Integrity testing was performed by Advanced BioMedical Laboratories (Cinnaminson, N.J.) to confirm the integrity and overall quality of total RNA samples. A proprietary algorithm that takes several QC parameters into account (e.g. 28S/18S peak area ratios, unexpected peaks in the 5S region, etc.) was used to calculate the RNA Integrity Number (RIN). A RIN number of 10 indicates perfect RNA quality; a RIN number of 1 indicates degraded RNA. According to published data and our own experience, RNA with a RIN number >8 is of sufficient quality for gene expression profiling experiments. RIN number for all RNA samples was >8.

(vii) Microarray Analysis

18 vials containing RNA isolated from human epidermal keratinocytes and 18 vials containing RNA isolated from human fibroblasts were shipped to Thermo Fisher Scientific, Advanced BioMedical Laboratories (Cinnaminson, N.J.) on dry ice for Affymetrix Human Clariom D array processing.

(viii) Statistics

The differential gene expression was obtained using a threshold of 0.05 for statistical significance (p-value) and a log fold change of expression with absolute value of at least 1. Gene expression was further analysed using Differential Expression Analysis and Pathway Analysis iPathwayGuide) by Advaita Bioinformatics Services (Plymouth, Mich.) in the context of pathways obtained from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (Release 84.0+/10-26, October 17) (Kanehisa et al., 2000; Kanehisa et al., 2002), gene ontologies from the Gene Ontology Consortium database (2017 Nov. 6) (Ashburner et al., 2000; Gene Ontology Consortium, 2001), miRNAs from the miRBase (Release 21) and TARGETSCAN (Targetscan version:Mouse:7.1, Human:7.1) databases (Agarwal et al., 2015; Nam et al., 2014; Griffiths-Jones et al., 2008; Kozomara and Griffiths-Jones, 2014; Friedman et al., 2009; Grimson et al., 2007), and diseases from the KEGG database (Release 84.0+/10-26, October 17) (Kanehisa et al., 2000; Kanehisa et al., 2002). All references are available in the reports for bioinformatics analysis of differential gene expression provided by Advaita Bioinformatics Services at the following link.

Results

(i) Cytotoxicity Analysis

The cytotoxicity assay on primary human keratinocytes from adult donor was performed after 24 h of culture in the presence of different concentrations of each compound, as indicated in FIG. 2A and Table 1.

TABLE 1 Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of RGN1538 and RGN1518 on human keratinocytes. Avg (% of untreated) StDev Untreated 100%  8.056481717 DMSO 101%  2.725249072 RGN1538 62.25 μM 84% 1.889771785 RGN1538 31.1 μM 86% 7.802238332 RGN1538 15.5 μM 86% 2.487424853 RGN1518 400 μM 51% 3.565711372 RGN1518 200 μM 54% 1.806391994 RGN1518 100 μM 43% 1.628751471 RGN1518 50 μM 47% 2.256623011 RGN1518 24.8 μM 43% 1.313815574 RGN1518 12.4 μM 44% 2.650997535 RGN1518 6.2 μM 80% 2.700414723 Niacinamide 200 mM 46% 1.072141839 Niacinamide 100 mM 58% 1.660948138 Niacinamide 50 mM 95% 1.660948138 Niacinamide 25 mM 108%  2.737443434 Niacinamide 12.5 mM 104%  1.887299247 Niacinamide 6.2 mM 106%  6.728390986 Niacinamide 3.1 mM 105%  3.695979563 Higher concentrations of RGN1538 (125 μM, 252 μM, 500 μM and 1000 μM) showed interference in the cell viability studies (data not shown).

RGN1538 at concentrations up to 62.25 μM, RGN1518 at concentrations up to 6.2, and Niacinamide at concentrations up to 50 mM showed no cytotoxicity on cultured primary human keratinocytes (FIG. 2). Compound RGN1538 at concentrations higher than 62.25 μM shows interference with the assay which is masking the toxicity effect. Based on the cytotoxicity experiments, the highest non-toxic concentrations were selected for the Microarray Analysis.

The cytotoxicity assay on primary human fibroblasts from adult donor was performed after 24 h of culture in the presence of different concentrations of each compound, as indicated in FIG. 2B and Table 2.

TABLE 2 Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of RGN1538 and RGN1518 on Fibroblasts Avg (% of untreated) StDev Untreated 100%  0.978921 DMSO 99% 2.715211 RGN1538 62.25 μM 100%  56.41252 RGN1538 31.1 μM 98% 0.67824 RGN1538 15.5 μM 99% 6.550097 RGN1518 400 μM 54% 5.251461 RGN1518 200 μM 72% 10.43805 RGN1518 100 μM 74% 10.97012 RGN1518 50 μM 88% 7.78021 RGN1518 24.8 μM 90% 6.135177 RGN1518 12.4 μM 94% 2.049005 RGN1518 6.2 μM 97% 0.635915 Niacinamide 200 mM 61% 3.813726 Niacinamide 100 mM 89% 2.436398 Niacinamide 50 mM 91% 1.217468 Niacinamide 25 mM 100%  0.375769 Niacinamide 12.5 mM 97% 1.540407 Niacinamide 6.2 mM 99% 5.916572 Niacinamide 3.1 mM 100%  7.955808 Higher concentrations of RGN1538 (125 μM, 252 μM, 500 μM and 1000 μM) showed interference in the cell viability studies (data not shown).

RGN1518 at concentrations up to 50 RGN1538 at concentrations up to 62.25 and Niacinamide at concentrations up to 100 mM showed no cytotoxicity on cultured primary human fibroblasts (FIG. 2B). Compound RGN1538 at concentrations higher than 62.25 μM shows interference with the assay which is masking the toxicity effect.

Microarray Analysis Treatment with Testing Compounds

Effect of Compound RGN1538 on primary Keratinocyte Gene Expression

The effect of Compound RGN1538 on gene expression in cultured keratinocytes was analyzed by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. RGN1538 at concentrations of 31 μM upregulated 250 genes and downregulated 556 were downregulated genes, out of the total of 24905 assessed genes. At concentration of 62 μM, RGN1538 upregulated 258 genes and downregulated 461 genes. Genes were identified as being “upregulated” or “downregulated” using a threshold of 0.05 for statistical significance (p-value) and a log fold change of expression with absolute value of at least 1. RGN1538 induced differential gene expression in Metabolism of Xenobiotics by Cytochrome P450 and Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Pathways, while positive control Niacinamide had no major effect on these pathways.

RGN1538 upregulated genes involved in phase-I detoxification and steroid hormone biosynthesis: cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1 A1, CYP1B1, CYP2BG; glutathione S-transferase GSTM3; and aldo-keto-reductases, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3 and AKR1B15.

RGN1538 downregulated genes involved Cell Cycle Pathway: MAD2L1; CDCl20; cyclins CCNE2, CCNA2, CCNB2, and CCNB1; and serine/threonine kinase BUB1; PLK1; CDCl25C; BUB1B; TTK; ORC1; MCM6; MAD2L1.

RGN1538 upregulated some genes, associated with inflammation: IL6; cytokine receptors IL1R2, IL2RG and IL1RL1 (Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1). IL1R11 is a member of the interleukin 1 receptor family. Importantly, positive control Niacinamide had no effect on IL1RG, and the IL1R2 cytokine receptor, and only upregulated IL6 and IL1RL1 receptor.

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the IL6 gene. IL-6's role as an anti-inflammatory cytokine is mediated through its inhibitory effects on TNF-alpha and IL-1, and activation of IL-1ra and IL-10.

RGN1538 upregulated expression of several genes which are important for the normal differentiation and function of skin: growth factors: fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1); prostaglandin transporter SLCO2 A1 (including PGE and PGB); proteinase inhibitor SERPINB1.

Differential Gene Expression Induced in Fibroblasts by Compound RGN1538

The effect of Compound RGN1538L on gene expression was also analyzed in cultured human adult fibroblasts by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. RGN1538 at concentrations 31 μM upregulated 104 genes and downregulated 30 genes, of the total 24905 genes assessed. At concentration of 62 μM, RGN1518 upregulated 53 genes and downregulated 76 genes. Unlike compound RGN1518, compound RGN1538 activated only few pathways. The significant pathways impacted i.e., multiple genes in the pathway affected) by either concentration of RGN1538 are listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Activation of pathways in fibroblasts by RGN1538 at two concentrations. Pathway name p-value Ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes * 1.42E−15 Ribosome * 6.76E−13 Rap1 signaling pathway 0.007 Mineral absorption 0.009 Olfactory transduction 0.044

Importantly, of the 5 different pathways triggered by compound RGN1538 only the Mineral Absorption Pathway was affected by the control, Niacinamide. Compound RGN1538, at either concentration, affected the induction and Regulation of fibroblast growth factor production. Only two genes were upregulated: Regulator of cell cycle, RGCC and Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, PTGS2.

RGN1538 upregulated 3 out of 70 genes that are involved in regulation of endothelial cell migration: Regulator of cell cycle, RGCC; Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, PTGS2; MIR221. Of these genes in the biological processes of Regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration, only PTGS2 is common between the control compound and RGN1538-treated fibroblasts.

Differential Gene Expression Induced in Primary Keratinocytes by Compound RGN1518

The effect of Compound RGN1518 on gene expression was also analyzed in cultured human adult keratinocytes by microarray and bioinformatics analysis.

RGN1518 at concentrations 3.1 μM upregulated 693 genes and downregulated 1294 genes, of the total 24905 genes assessed. At concentration of 1.6 μM, RGN1518 upregulated 492 genes and downregulated 1196 genes.

RGN1518 downregulated a number of cell cycle genes: CDK1, PLK1, RB1, CDCl25C, CDCl25B, MAD2L1, CDKN2B, CCNA2, MAD1L1, TTK, ZBTB17, RBL1, CCNB1, CCNB2, BUB1, CDCl20, PTTG1, BUB1B. Some of cell cycle genes were upregulated by RGN1518: PKMYT1, MYC. The positive control, Niacinamide downregulated only some of the genes that were also downregulated by RGN1518.

RGN1518 upregulated expression of several genes which are important for the normal differentiation and function of skin: targets: Anti-aging targets: fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Positive control, Niacinamide, upregulated FGF2 to lesser extend and had no effect on VEGFA; proteinase inhibitor SERPINIB1, protects from damage at inflammatory sites; CDH4 (cadherin, cell-cell adhesion); GDF15 (ligand of the TGF-beta, regulates gene expression).

The above genes are not affected by positive control Niacinamide.

Gene expression of a number of genes involved in maintaining the structure and activity of the Golgi apparatus was upregulated by RGN1518: COG6 (maintaining normal structure and activity of Golgi apparatus); ARFGAP3 (regulates the early secretory pathway of proteins in Golgi apparatus); IFT20 (trafficking of proteins from the Golgi); MGAT4 (key glycosyltransferase, regulates formation of branching in Golgi). With the exception of MGAT4 A, these genes were not affected by positive control Niacinamide.

RGN1518 upregulated a number of genes involved in Metabolic Pathways: GK (key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism); FA2H (synthesis of sphingolipids); ASS1 (encoded protein catalyzes step of the arginine biosynthesis); ACSS2 (enzyme catalyzes activation for lipid synthesis and energy generation); HK2 (hexokinase involved in the first step of most glucose metabolism pathways); PHGDH (enzyme which is involved in the early steps of amino acid synthesis); CYP1 A1 (member of cytochrome P450 superfamily, involved in drug metabolism); CSGALNACT2 (involved in elongation during chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis). From all above genes only two, ASS1 and PTGS2, were affected by positive control Niacinamide.

A number of genes involved in Metabolic Pathways was downregulated by RGN1518: MTHFD1 (de novo purine biosyntheses); CYP2J2 (metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids); RRM2 (catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides); TYMS (thymidylate synthase catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate). Of these, only TYMS was downregulated by positive control.

RGN1518 upregulated several genes associated with inflammation: ILIA; IL6; cytokine receptors IL1R2 and IL1RL1, IL2RG; TSC22D3 (key role in the anti-inflammatory response of steroids). Niacinamide downregulated IL1 A, and cytokine receptors IL1R2, but had no effect on IL1RG and IL1RL1 receptors.

RGN1518 upregulated DNAJB9 (protecting stressed cells from apoptosis) while Niacinamide downregulated expression of DNAJB9.

Effect of Compound RGN1518 on Fibroblast Gene Expression

The effect of Compound RGN1518 on gene expression in cultured fibroblasts was analyzed by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 24905 genes were assessed. RGN1518 at concentrations 25 μM upregulated 986 genes and downregulated 430 genes. At concentration of 50 μM, RGN1518 upredulated 821 genes and downregulated 468 genes. As indicated in Table 4, several pathways were found to be significantly impacted by both concentrations of RGN1518.

TABLE 4 Activation of different pathways in fibroblasts treated by RGN1518 Pathway name p-value Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 3.66E−07 Mineral absorption 4.92E−06 Apoptosis 2.27E−05 MAPK signaling pathway 3.68E−05 Transcriptional misregulation in cancer 6.83E−05

Similar pathways were induced by the control compound; therefore we looked at biological processes and compared it to positive control.

Dermal fibroblasts play a critical role in wound healing. Without fibroblasts, the wound site cannot regenerate extracellular matrix and epidermal skin cells cannot proliferate to cover the wound site. At both doses, compound RGN1518 upregulated 28 genes (Table 5) and downregulated 24 genes (Table 6) that are involved in wound healing.

TABLE 5 List of wound healing genes upregulated by RGN1518 in fibroblasts Gene Symbol ID Log Fc p-value THBD 7056 4.118987348 0.000001 IL6 3569 2.577639195 0.00000538 MIR221 407006 1.647729951 0.00000569 TFPI2 7980 2.549224855 0.0000126 HMOX1 3162 1.346484873 0.0000133 TNFAIP3 7128 2.328171764 0.0000148 ITGA2 3673 2.425473717 0.0000177 UBASH3B 84959 1.545735901 0.0000306 ADAM17 6868 1.322521548 0.0000319 ITGB3 3690 2.050790583 0.0000573 IFRD1 3475 1.071802325 0.0000848 IRF1 3659 1.269745256 0.00013416 PLAUR 5329 1.076502393 0.000213878 MIR199A1 406976 2.14210024 0.000609993 EREG 2069 2.168964554 0.000803647 ITPR1 3708 1.811719476 0.000903574 PDPN 10630 1.265098302 0.001343646 MAFK 7975 1.267303212 0.001984998 F2RL2 2151 1.037989039 0.002202885 SYT7 9066 1.079461055 0.002240755 FGFR1OP2 26127 1.212770892 0.002992132 NDNF 79625 1.131823923 0.00390376 RAB27A 5873 1.228332024 0.005744187 IL24 11009 1.178998478 0.009176905 HBEGF 1839 1.224660941 0.011086897 DGKE 8526 1.432277168 0.017099125 PLET1 349633 1.411842526 0.018677613 MERTK 10461 1.107372666 0.026124331

Upregulation of genes useful in the wound healing process indicates that the compound could be applied topically to skin wounds to improve the speed and efficiency of the healing process in different types of wounds, such as cuts, burns, skin ulcers, sores, diabetic wounds and wounds occurring in elderly people, which are both major problems.

For example, HMOXI (heme oxygenase (decycling) 1) is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (EC 1.14.99.3). Heme oxygenase mediates the first step of heme catabolism, it cleaves heme to form biliverdin. The ability of oxygenase 1 to catabolize free heme and produce carbon monoxide (CO) gives its anti-inflammatory properties by up-regulation of interleukin 10 IL-10) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRA) expression.

IL-6 has a direct, crucial role in proliferation and remodeling phases of wound healing by promoting collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Following damage of the epidermis, primary inflammatory cytokines like TNFα and IL-1 are released and in turn, induce expression of IL-6. Primary inflammatory cytokines mediate inflammatory cell accumulation in tissues, resulting in further damage. IL-6 counters this by inhibiting the expression of primary inflammatory cytokines. IL-6 itself mediates skin healing, and may promote the influx or differentiation of anti-inflammatory macrophage populations that further promote repair.

TABLE 6 List of wound healing genes downregulated by RG1518 in fibroblasts. Gene Symbol ID Log Fc p-value HIST1H3G 8355 −2.339303638 0.00000243 MYLK 4638 −1.620014296 0.00000314 WNT5A 7474 −1.732216169 0.0000115 THBS1 7057 −1.28731505 0.0000126 LBH 81606 −1.524001148 0.0000151 PLPP3 8613 −1.229647888 0.00002 TPM1 7168 −1.209440073 0.0000408 TGFBR2 7048 −1.067098852 0.0000522 NOV 4856 −1.524303331 0.0000541 AJUBA 84962 −1.145313108 0.0000647 TLN1 7094 −1.129593827 0.0000667 SMAD3 4088 −1.102006837 0.0000719 F3 2152 −1.039210622 0.0000783 PDGFD 80310 −1.782304634 0.0000783 EDN1 1906 −1.404311967 0.0000916 ACTB 60 −1.055146506 0.0000953 HIST2H3A 333932 −1.284938237 0.000100719 GSN 2934 −1.040857201 0.00017024 CARMIL1 55604 −1.177382443 0.00025843 FGF10 2255 −1.3129405 0.000304636 TMEFF2 23671 −1.525995759 0.000356268 GATA6 2627 −1.080645213 0.000696771 TRPC6 7225 −2.444364167 0.002443487

Importantly, the upregulation of genes underlying the wound healing process by the positive control Niacinamide is the number of stimulated biological processes is significantly less pronounced than with the test compounds. For example, the gene profile of compound RGN1518 pointed to the activation of vascular wound healing and spreading of epidermal cells as well as vasculature development while Niacinamide showed no effect on these biological processes. Among genes whose upregulation is associated with vasculature development are the following: Histone Cluster 1 H3 Family Member G, HIST1H3G; Myosin Light Chain Kinase, MYLK; Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily C Member 6, TRPC6; Endothelin 1, EDN1; Histone Cluster 1 H3 Family Member G, HIST1H3G.

Different biological processes such as hair cycle, hair follicle morphogenesis and development are also affected by both concentrations of RGN1518 in hair cycle process. Importantly, only 2 out of 6 upregulated genes are common in RGN1518 and positive control: GORAB; LRIG1. Other 4 genes; PERI; PTGS2; ARNTL; SNAIl. Other 4 genes are upregulated only by positive control: GAL; INHBA; TGFB2; FZD3.

Both concentrations of RGN1518, and positive control affected biological process underlying Muscle Structure Development and Muscle Cell Proliferation. RGN1518 upregulated gene expression of common skin targets: Epidermal growth factor-related protein, function as adhesion molecule, CRELD1; Nerve growth factor, NGF; Glutaredoxin, highly contributes to the antioxidant defense system, GLRX2; Protein involved in chondroitin sulfate synthesis, CSGALNACT2; Vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA; Receptor for collagens, adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix, ITGA2; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, PPARG; Epidermal growth factor receptor, role in survival, proliferation, migration, EPGN

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed invention belongs. Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited are specifically incorporated by reference.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 

1. A cosmetic composition comprising: a) a quinone having the structural formula:

or mixtures thereof, in amounts ranging from 0.001% to 50% by weight of the composition; b) a cosmetic functioning component selected from the group consisting of sunscreens, surfactants, sunless tanning agents, desquamation agents, antiperspirants, colorants, preservatives and mixtures thereof in amounts ranging from 0.0001% to 50% by weight of the composition; and c) a cosmetically acceptable carrier; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, hydroxyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic; and wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, hydroxyl, ═O, substituted C1-C10 carbonyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 carbonyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic.
 2. The cosmetic composition of claim 1, wherein: (a) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, or substituted C2-C10 alkenyl; and wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, hydroxyl, ═O, substituted C1-C10 carbonyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 carbonyl; (b) for Formula I, R2 and R4 are each hydrogen; (c) wherein for Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, or substituted C1-C10 alkyl; and/or (d) for Formula III, R9 is substituted C1-C10 carbonyl.
 3. (canceled)
 4. The cosmetic composition of claim 32, wherein for Formula I, R1 and R3 are independently unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, or substituted C1-C10 alkyl; and optionally, wherein for Formula I, R1 is substituted C1-C5 alkyl; R3 is methyl, and R2 and R4 are each hydrogen.
 5. (canceled)
 6. The cosmetic composition of claim 4, wherein Formula I is


7. (canceled)
 8. The cosmetic composition of claim 7, wherein: (a) for Formula II, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are hydrogene; (b) wherein for Formula II, R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or hydroxyl; and/or (c) for Formula II, R1 and R2 are independently unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, or hydroxyl.
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. The cosmetic composition of claim 8, wherein for Formula II, R1 is substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, and R2 is hydroxyl.
 12. The cosmetic composition of claim 11, wherein Formula II is


13. (canceled)
 14. The cosmetic composition of claim 2, wherein for Formula III, R10 is hydroxyl.
 15. The cosmetic composition of claim 14, wherein for Formula III, X is carbon (C) or CH, Y is carbon (C), Z is hydroxyl, the dashed line between X and Y is a bond, and the dashed line between Y and Z is absent.
 16. The cosmetic composition of claim 15, wherein for Formula III, (a) R17 is hydroxyl; (b) R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl; (c) R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl; and R15, R16, R18, and R19 are independently hydrogen or substituted C1-C10 alkyl; (d) R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl; and R15 and R18 are hydrogen, R16 and R19 are substituted C1-C5 alkyl; and/or (e) R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are methyl; R15 and R18 are hydrogen.
 17. (canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. (canceled)
 20. The cosmetic composition of claim 16, wherein for Formula III, R11, R12, R13, R14, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are methyl; R15 and R18 are hydrogen.
 21. The cosmetic composition of claim 20, wherein for Formula III, R16 and R19 are isopropyl.
 22. The cosmetic composition of claim 11, wherein Formula III is


23. The cosmetic composition of 1, wherein UV irradiated samples of the quinone or cosmetic composition formulated with the quinone exhibit, in testing against a CUL4A bio target, a reduction in DNA damage relative to a UV irradiated control of at least 10%, as measured by % cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formed in a test cell.
 24. The cosmetic composition according to claim 1, wherein: (a) the sunscreens are selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate, 4,4′-t-butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, octylsalicylate, tetraphthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid, benzophenone-3, microfine titanium dioxide, microfine zinc oxide and mixtures thereof; (b) the surfactants are selected from the group selected consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric type; (c) the sunless tanning agents are dihydroxy acetone; (c) the desquamation agents are selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, retinoic acid, retinol and mixtures thereof, and including salt forms thereof; (d) the antiperspirants are selected from the group consisting of metal sails of aluminum, zinc, zirconium and zirconium aluminum mixtures of sulfates, chlorides, chlorohydroxides, tetrachlorohydrex glycinates, alums, formates, lactates, benzyl sulfonates, succinates, and phenol sulfonates; (e) the colorants are selected from pigments and dyes; and/or (f) the preservatives are selected from the group consisting of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone combinations, phenoxyethanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, imidazolidinyl urea, sodium dehydroacetate and benzyl alcohol.
 25. (canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. (canceled)
 28. (canceled)
 29. (canceled)
 30. (canceled)
 31. A method for treating a site in need thereof in mammals selected from the group consisting of aging skin, dermatitis and a wound site, comprising topically applying to the skin or hair of the mammals a cosmetic composition comprising a quinone having the structural formula:

or mixtures thereof in amounts ranging from 0.001% to 10% by weight of the cosmetic composition, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, hydroxyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic; and wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, hydroxyl, ═O, substituted C1-C10 carbonyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 carbonyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, wherein the composition is effective to: (a) inhibit cullin 4 A (CUL4A) ubiquitin ligase, (b) upregulate expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), GPHR, ADAM17 and VEGF; (c) down regulate expression of Smad3 or (d) combinations thereof.
 32. The method according to claim 31 wherein the skin shows signs of ageing selected from the group consisting of fine lines and wrinkles; lack of skin firmness; reduction of skin luminescence; lack of skin smoothness; lack of skin elasticity; formation of age spots; blotching; sallowness; uneven pigmentation; spider veins; thinning and loss of hair; lack of hair lustre or shine; and hair with split ends.
 33. A method of enhancing DNA repair, the method comprising contacting DNA with a composition comprising a quinone having the structural formula:

or mixtures thereof, wherein the quinone is present in amounts ranging from 0.001% to 50% by weight of the composition; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted C2-C10 alkenyl, hydroxyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic; and wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, and R23 are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, hydroxyl, ═O, substituted C1-C10 carbonyl, or unsubstituted C1-C10 carbonyl, thiol, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, substituted C₃-C₂₀ cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic.
 34. The method of claim 31, wherein site selected from the group consisting of a cut, burn, skin ulcer, sore, dermatitis and diabetic ulcer.
 35. The method of claim 31 wherein the composition comprises


36. The method of claim 31 wherein myrtucummolone c is present between a, 40%:60% and a 60% to 40% mixture the diastereomers. 